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Volume 13 Number 1 March, 1974
published by
The Lepidoptera Research Foundation, Inc. at
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Lee D. Miller, The Allyn Museum of Entomology, 3701 Bay Shore Road, Sarasota, Florida, 33580.
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Second Class postage paid at Arcadia, California, U.S.A.
Established in 1962
Edited by WILLIAM HOVANITZ
Volume 12
1973
published by
The Lepidoptera Research Foundation, Inc. at
1160 W. Orange Grove Ave., Arcadia, Calif. U.S.A. 91006
Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera
13(l):l-20, 1974
1160 W. Orange Grove Avc., Arcadia, California 91006, U.S.A. © Copyright 1975
STUDIES ON NE ARCTIC EUCHLOE
PART 7.
COMPARATIVE LIFE HISTORIES, HOSTS AND THE MORPHOLOGY OF IMMATURE STAGES
PAUL A. OPLER ^
Division of Entomology,
University of California,
Berkeley, California
This part of the series deals with certain aspects of the life history of the Nearctic Eiichloe. Although the 'life histories” of all except Eiichloe creiisa have appeared in the literature, no comparisons have been made. This study emphasized the im- mature stages, important differences in oviposition sites, larval behavior, larval color patterns, larval setation, and pupal con- figuration.
LIFE HISTORY
Host. — All Euchloe oviposit and feed upon maturing plants of the family Cruciferae. The food plants utilized are the result of selection by ovipositing females.
Among the species of Cruciferae which occur at any locality, female Euchloe may select more than one species as suitable hosts, but never appear to utilize all of them. Those species selected must have had several prior requirements. These are: ( 1 ) the plant should grow in full sunlight, ( 2 ) the plant should be more than five inches in height with an erect configuration, and ( 3 ) the clusters of unopened flower buds should be terminal and tightly clustered (except some Euchloe hyantis hosts).
The role of allyl isothiocyanate levels in determining the suitability of various crucifers as hosts for Euchloe is unknown.
The groups of hosts used by most, well-observed species are broad. Qualitative differences in host utilization are pronounced
1
2
PAUL OPLER
/. Res. Lepid.
only between the two species groups. The three members of the “Ausonides group,” i.e. Euchloe ausonides, E. creusa, and E. olympia, tend to utilize species of Arabis and “mustard-like” crucifers, i.e. Arabis glabra, Barbarea, Brassica, and Sisymbrium, while the “Hyantis group,” i.e. Euchloe hyantis, tends to utilize Caulanthus, Desciirainia, and Streptanthus with greater fre- quency.
That host specificity levels within the Cruciferae are broad is shown by the frequent utilization of introduced species of the family. Swales (1966) briefly discusses the range extension of some pierids due to the introduction of crucifers into dis- turbed areas around villages in Arctic Canada. Opler (1969) explained the role of introduced species of Brassica as a pos- sible factor permitting the facultative bivoltinism of Euchloe ausonides in coastal central California.
All pertinent locality and host data for all Nearctic Euchloe are summarized in Table 1.
Oviposition site. — Members of the “Ausonides group” almost always place their eggs on unopened flower buds of the host. This behavioral feature has been reported for E. ausonides by Coolidge and Newcomer (1908) and Remington (1952), while Shull (1907) and Meiners (1938) reported the same pattern for E. olympia. 1 have observed many hundreds of eggs of E. ausonides and only rarely were eggs found anywhere but on unopened buds. Eggs of Euchloe creusa near Banff were all found on unopened flower buds of Draba lanceolata.
Although Euchloe hyantis females may select flower buds as oviposition sites, other portions of the plant are utilized with greater frequency. Coolidge ( 1925 ) reported that eggs of Euchloe hyantis lotta were found on flower buds, leaves, or the stems of host plants. Near El Portal, Mariposa County, California, I ob- served that the eggs of Euchloe hyantis were most frequently placed on the lower surface of the saggitate clasping leaves of Streptanthus polygaloides.
Larval behavior. — Upon emerging from the egg, larvae of Euchloe seek unopened flower buds upon which to feed. J. A. Scott, Division of Entomology, University of California, Berke- ley, (Personal communication) states that first instar larvae of Euchloe ausonides die if fresh unopened buds are not available. Upon hatching, larvae of E. hyantis, emerging from eggs laid on leaves or stems of the host, must find the reproductive portions of the plant soon after hatching. To do this the larvae make
13(1):1~20, 1974
NEARCTIC EUCHLOE
3
TABLE I.
HOST AND LOCALITY DATA FOR VARIOUS SPECIES OF EUCHLOE
Euchloe ausonides
Arabia dri-umnondi Gray
Canada, Ontario, Geraldton Forest (Thunder Bay District), 28 June 1966. J.C.E. Riotte. Jour. Lepid. Soc., 22(1): a (1968). Colorado, Boulder County, Nederland 6 July 1949* C.L. Remington. Psyche, 59(2): 63 (1952).
Colorado, Gimnison County, Gothic, 9600', 10 July 1967, J. Emmel and 0. Shields. J. Res. Lepid., 8(1) :31 (1970).
Arabia fendleri (Wats.) Greene var. soatifolia (Rvdb.) Rollins
Colorado, Boulder County, Nederland, 6 July 1949, GL. Remington.
Psyche, 59(2): 63(1952).
A rabi s glabra (L.) Berh.
Colorado, Boulder Coimty, Spring Gulch, 7 July 1949, C.L. Remington. Psyche, 59(2) :62 (1952).
California, Contra Costa County, Berkeley Hills, NE Oakland,
3 June 1963 J.A. Powell. Preserved larvae in California Insect Survey.
Barbarea vulgaris (L.)
California, Contra Costa County, Russelmann Park, Mt. Diablo,
24 April 1966, P.A. Opler. Personal observation.
Brassica campestris L.
California, Contra Costa County, Briones Regional Park, 28 March 1970, P.A. Opler. Personal observation.
Brassica kaber (D.C.)
California, Alameda County, Strawberry Canyon, 18 April I964,
P.A. Opler, Personal observation.
California, Contra Costa County, Briones Hills Regional Park,
28 March 1970, P.A. Opler. Personal observation.
California, Contra Costa County, Tilden Regional Park, 18 April 1968, P.A. Opler. Personal observation.
California, Santa Clara County, Alum Rock Park, 28 February 1964, P.A. Opler. Personal observation.
Brassica nigra (L.) Koch
California, Alameda Coimty, Strawberry Canyon, 10, 15 April 1970,
P.A. Opler. Personal observation.
California, Contra Costa Coiinty, Pt. Richmond, 18 April 1969,
J.A. Scott, (preserved larvae).
California, Santa Clara County, New Almaden, 4 May I964, P.A. Opler. Personal observation.
Descurainia Californica (Gray) Shultz
Colorado, Gunnison County, Schofield Pass, 10,400', I4, 18 July 1967, J. Emmel and 0. Shields. J. Res. Lepid., 8(1) :31 (1970).
4
PAUL OPLER
/. Res. Lepid.
Erysimum capitatum (Dougl.) Greene
Colorado, Boulder Coimty, Nederland, 6 July 1949, C.L. Remington. Psyche, 59(2): 63 (1952).
I satis tinctoris. L.
California, Modoc County, Buck Creek Ranger Station, 11 June 1970, P.A. Opler. Personal observation.
Raphanus sativa L.
California, Contra Costa County, Briones Regional Park, 28 March 1970, P.A, Opler. Personal observation.
Si symbrium altissimum L.
Colorado, Boulder County, Boulder Canyon, 6500', Mt. Flagstaff, Nederland, 8-9 July 1949, C.L. Remington. Psyche, 59(2) :62 (1952).
Euchloe creusa
Draba lanceolata Royle
Canada, Alberta, Moraine Lake, 6800', Banff National Park, 27 June 1965, P.A. Opler. Personal observation.
Euchloe olympia
Arabis dirmimondii Gray
Michigan, Montcalm County, T12N, RlOW, Sec. 19, 20 June 1966,
M.C. Nielsen. Preserved larvae in Michigan State University Collection. Michigan. Roscommon County, T24N, RIW, Sec. 3. 5 July 1967,
MC, Nielsen. Preserved larvae in Michigan State University collection.
Arabis lyrata L.
Indiana, Lake Michigan dunes between Clarke Junction and Pine,
C.A. Shull. Ent. News, 18(3): 73 (1907).
Michigan, Berrien County, T53, R19W, Sec. 29, 29 May, 3-5 June 1967, M.C. Nielsen. Preserved larvae in Mich 1 gan State University Collection.
Arabis missouriensis Greene
Missouri, St. Louis County, Ranken, 28 April 1935, E.P. Meiners,
Proc. Missouri Acad. Sci., 4:154-156 (1938).
Si symbrium sp.
West Virginia, 1891, W.H. Edwards, Butterflies of North America.
Euchloe hy antis
Arabis glabra (■L.)Bemh.
California, Sierra County, Shenanigan Flat, 14 miles W Downieville, 15 May 1970, P.A. Opler. Personal observation.
Argibis holboelii var. pinetorum (Tides.) Roll.
California, San Bernardino County, Sugarloaf Peak, 8000', July 1970, W. Hovanitz. J. Res. Lepid., 8(1): 17 (1970).
13(l):l-20, 1974
NEARCTIC EUCHLOE
5
Caulanthus amplexicaulis Wats.
California, Kern County, between Mojave and Randsburg, Coolidge.
Ent. News, 19:204-210 (1925).
Caulanthus crassicaulis (Torr.) S. Wats.
California, Modoc County, 5 miles S Ft. Bldwell, 11 June 1970, P.A. Opler, Personal observation.
Descurainia pinnata (Walt.) Britton
California, San Bernardino County, Newberry Mountains, 3/4 mile NW Kane Spring Road, 27 March 1964, J.F. and T.C. Emmel. Letter of 24 November 1964.
California, San Bernardino County, Phelan, J.A. Comstock and C.M.
Dammers, Biill. So. Calif. Acad. Sci., 31(2): 35-37 (1937).
Descurainia pinnata var. nelsonii (Rydb.) Detl.
Washington, Benton County, Vemita, 6 April 1966, E.J. New comer.
Letter of 20 May 1967.
I satis tinctoria L.
California, Modoc County, Buck Creek Ranger Station, 11 June 1970, P.A. Opler. Personal observation.
Sisymbrium altissimum L.
Washington, Benton County, Vemita, 22 April 1967, E.J. Newcomer.
Letter of 20 May 1967.
Stanleya pinnata (Pursh) Britton
California, Inyo County, Wildrose Station, Panamint Mountains,
15 May 1969, P.A. Opler. Personal observation.
Streptanthella longirostris (Wats.) I^db.
California, San Bernardino County, Phelan, J.A. Comstock and C.M. Dammers. Bull. So. Calif. Acad. Sci., 31(2): 35-37 (1935).
St rep tan thus bemardinus (Greene) Parish
California, San Bernardino County, Lake Arrowhead, 5000', 29 June 1966, C. Henne. Letter of 7 July 1966.
Streptanthus polygaloides Gray
California, Mariposa Coimty, 2 miles W El Portal, 12 April I964,
P.A. Opler. Personal observation.
Streptanthus tortuosus Kell.
California, Sierra County, Shenanigan Flat, I4 miles W Downieville,
15 May 1970, P.A. Opler. Personal observation.
Streptanthus sp.
California, Alpine Coimty, Hope Valley, 9 July 1949, J.W. MacSwain, Preserved larvae in California Insect Survey.
California, Siskiyou County, Little Castle Lake, 20 July I969,
P.A. Opler. Personal observation.
California, Tuolumne County, Lodgepole Campground, Sonora Pass,
2 July 1966, P.A. Opler. Personal observation.
6
PAUL OPLER
/. Res. Lepid.
Fig. 1.
Left, egg of Euchloe ausonides, 100 X. Strawberry Canyon, Alameda Co., Calif.; right, same, 500 X. Stereoscan electron photomicrographs by Wayne Steele.
13(l)a~20, 1974
NEARCTIC EUCHLOE
7
geo-negative or photo-positive movements. On Streptanthm polygaloides yoong larvae of Euchloe hyantis bore through the clasping leaves lying between the site of oviposition and flowering portions of the plant. During this movement the larvae do not pause to feed on leaf material.
Young larvae of Euchloe feed upon unopened flower buds and flowers. During this period the larvae are comparatively hidden. The young larvae of E. ausonides station themselves vertically amongst the flower cluster and always cover the por- tion of the plant upon which they rest with loosely spun silk.
The first instar larvae of Euchloe hyantis were found to have another anomolous habit which seems to be an adaptation to feeding upon Streptanthus, The calyx of Streptanthus flowers is almost closed distally. In order to reach the inside of the calyx the young larva bores a small hole through the side of the calyx, enters, and feeds upon the flower from within.
Older larvae feed in more exposed positions and include the seed pods in their diet. While feeding upon seed pods the larvae orient with their anterior end directed toward the apical end of the pods.
Pupation. — The final stages of ecdysis which lead directly to pupation in Euchloe seem to occur in a characteristic man- ner that holds true for all species of Euchloe, and probably take place in much the same fashion for all members of the tribe Eiichloini. When the larva has finished feeding it commences a search for a suitable pupation site which is usually located on the food plant. Upon finding a pupation site the larva attaches itself by means of a caudal button of silk and silk girdle with the anterior portion a,t a higher elevation than the posterior. Pupation then takes place between 24 and 72 hours later. At a time varying from just prior to the wandering phase to a time subsequent to being stationed in the pupation position, the larva becomes purplish in color. A quantitative lack of obser- vations prevents the determination of the specifioity of any of the above phenomenon. The appropriate passages from the literature upon which the above narration was based are cited below. Shull (1907), in regard to the mature larva of Euchloe olympia, said “Shortly a purplish tinge makes its appearance at the posterior end and about the thorax. The color gradually extends anteriorally until the whole body shows it. This change immediately precedes and accompanies the wandering of the larva seeking a place to pupate.”
First instar larvae, segments T 1-3, A 9-10. Fig. 2, Euchloe ausonides. Alum Rock Park, Santa Clara Co., Calif.; Fig. 3, Euchloe cretisa, Moraine Lake, Banff National Park, Alberta, Canada; Fig. 4, Euchloe olympia, Berrien Co., Mich.
13(1); 1-20, 1974
NEARCTIC EUCHLOE
9
Second instar larvae, segments T 1-3, A 9-10. Fig. 5, Euchloe ausonides, Buck Creek Ranger Station, Modoc Co., Calif.; Fig. 6, Euchloe olympia, Montcalm Co., Mich.
10
PAUL OPLER
/. Res. Lepid,
Third instar larvae, segments T 1-3, A 9-10. Fig. 7, Euchloe ausonides, Buck Creek Ranger Station, Modoc Co,, Calif.; Fig. 8, Euchloe oltjmpia, Montcalm Co., Mich.; Fig. 9, Euchloe hyantis, Buck Creek Ranger Station, Modoc Co., Calif.
13(l)a-20, 1974
NEARCTIC EUCHLOE
11
Mead (1877) described the pupation of Euchloe hyantis based upon observation of larvae collected in Yosemite Valley, Mariposa County, California, as follows, “Just before the change to chrysalis the caterpillar turns dull purple. The chrysalis re- tains this color for a day or two and then gradually assumes a waxy grayish white color.” Coolidge (1925) noted that the larva of Euchloe hyantis lotta “becomes solid purplish red” just prior to pupation, Comstock and Dammers (1932), while describing the larvae of Euchloe hyantis lotta, stated that “a short time prior to pupation they turn a mottled dark maroon over the dorsal and lateral surface above the stigmatal line. Pupation occurs on the food plant as in Anthocharis cethura!’ (i.e. with a girdle, caudal button, and the head pointing up- ward, fide Comstock and Dammers).
MORPHOLOGY OF IMMATURE STAGES
Egg. The eggs are typical of Euchloini in being columnar with the micropylar area broadly rounded. The eggs have from 15-20 prominent vertical ridges which are interconnected by less prominent horizontal ridges (Fig. 1.).
The eggs undergo a series of progressive color changes as the embryo develops. Coolidge and Newcomer (1908), while describing the life history of Euchloe ausonides, stated that the “color when first laid (was) light bluish green changing in 24- 30 hours to light orange. By the third day the color is almost vermilion, and about the sixth day the egg turns dirty yellow brown, especially so apically.”
Larva. — The larvae of Euchloe differ interspecifically and interstadially in features of color and setation. These differences will be systematically discussed below.
The sequence of color changes undergone by the larvae of Euchloe ausonides (Coolidge and Newcomer, 1908) and Euchloe olympia (Shull, 1907) is parallel.
The first instar larva is orange-yellow with a black head, while the second instar larva is greenish with a black head. Markings typical of the final three instars are discernible on the third instar larva: a gray-green dorsal stripe, yellow-green sub- dorsal stripes, gray-green supraspiracular stripes, yellow spiracu- lar stripes, and subspiracular and ventral areas green. The head of the third instar larva is green-black. The fourth instar larva of the two species has the same markings, but the head capsule
12
PAUL OPLER
J. Res. Lepid.
Fourth instar larvae, segments T 1-3, A 9-10. Fig. 10, Euchloe ausonides, Buck Creek Ranger Station, Modoc Co,, Calif.; Fig. 11, Euchloe olympta, Montcalm Co., Mich.
13(1): 1-20, 1974
NEARCTIC EUCHLOE
13
is greenish gray. The spiracular stripe of the fifth instar larva is white and is subtended with pale yellow. Plate 1, figs. 1, 6.
Larvae of Euchloe hyantis undergo a similar series of changes, but have a different color pattern. The color pattern of the last three instar larvae is distinctive. The dorsal area is green (occasionally with a narrow purplish line). The sub- dorsal area is also green, while the supraspiracular area is purplish. The spiracular area is white or yellow. The subspirac- ular and ventral areas are green. The head capsule is green. Interpopulation variation of larval color pattern in Euchloe hyantis was noticed, while larval coloration of Euchloe ausonides and E. olympia varies within very narrow limits. Plate 1, figs. 3, 5.
The spiracular stripe is white in most populations of Euchloe hyantis, but may be yellow in some populations in the western foothills of the Sierra Nevada. The color of the dorsal and sub- dorsal areas is also variable. In most populations (Vernita, Wash.; cismontane Calif.) these areas are green, while these areas are grayish in some Great Basin populations (John Emmel, 1117 9th St., Apt. 207, Santa Monica, Ca. 90403, per. com.) and yellowish-green in the San Bernardino Mountains population (Chris Henne, P. O. Box 1, Pearblossom, Calif., personal com- munication ) .
Chaetotaxic line drawings of Euchloe larvae are presented as figures 2-15. These drawings portray the three thoracic seg- ments for all larvae as well as the eighth and ninth abdominal segments for first instar larvae. The microscopic primary setae (Hinton, 1946) are not necessarily portrayed.
Certain primary setae on the dorsal, subdorsal, and lateral areas are thickened and may be cleft at their apices. Coolidge (1925) reported that the setae of Euchloe hyantis supported “hyaline drops of fluid,” while Shull (1907) reported that the setae of Euchloe olympia were glandular. If the forked setae do exude secretions, it would be of extreme interest to know what is their funtion and composition.
Prothoracic segment setae XDl, D2, XD2, SDl, SD2, and LI, mesothoracic setae Dl, D2, SDl, SD2, and LI are thickened and cleft in the Euchloe larvae.
The subdorsal group of primary setae on the prothoracic seg- ment occurs on the same sclerotized chalaza for almost all larvae of the “Ausonides group,” but occur on separate chalazae on
Euchloe hyantis larvae.
14
PAUL OPLER
]. Res. Lepid.
Fourth instar larvae, segments T 1-3, A 9-10. Fig. 12, Euchloe hyantis, Buck Creek Ranger Station, Modoc Co., Calif. Fifth instar larvae, segments T 1-3, A 9-10, Fig. 13, Euchloe ausonides, Buck Creek Ranger Station, Modoc Co., Calif.
13(l):l-20, 1974
NEARCTIC EUCHLOE
15
Color Plate 1.
1. Euchloe ausonides, 5th instar, Briones Regional Park, Contra Costa Co., Calif.; 2. Euchloe ausonides, pupa, Briones Regional Park, Contra Costa Co., Calif,; 3. Euchloe hyantis, 5th instar. Shenanigan Flat, Sierra Co., Calif.; 4. Euchloe hyantis, pupa, Shenanigan Flat, Sierra Co., Calif.; 5. Euchloe hyantis, 5th instar, near Fallon, Nevada, collected by J. F. Emmel; 6. Euchloe hyantis, prepupa. Shenanigan Flat, Sierra Co., Calif, (upside down ) .
16
PAUL OPLER
/. Res. Lepid.
Fifth instar larvae, segments T 1-3, A 9-10. Fig. 14. Euchloe olympia, Roscommon Co., Mich.; Fig. 15, Euchloe hyantis, Buck Creek Ranger Sta- tion, Modoc Co., Calif.
13(1):1~20, 1974
NEARCTIC EUCHLOE
17
Pupae, lateral aspect. Fig. 16, Euchloe ausonides. Strawberry Canyon, Alameda Co., Calif.; Fig. 17, Euchloe olympia, Montcalm Co., Mich.; Fig. 18, Euchloe hyantis, El Portal, Mariposa Co., Calif.
PAUL OPLER
/. Res. Lepid.
18
B
■ I fc LLh
c
(MM)
Fig. 19 —Bar graph of larval head capsule widths. A. Euchloe ausonides, San Francisco Bay area (Alameda, Contra Costa, and Santa Clara Counties);
B, Euchloe ausonides. Buck Creek Ranger Station, Modoc Co., Calif.;
C. Euchloe oltjmpia, Michigan; D. Euchloe hyantis, California (Mariposa, Modoc, and Sierra Counties).
13(l);l-20, 1974
NEARCTIC EUCHLOE
19
The successive instars of each Euchloe species display dis- tinct trends in setal coloration and size. With each successive instar, size of primary setae becomes greater on Euchloe auson- ides larvae, remains about the same on Euchloe olympia larvae, and becomes smaller on Euchloe hyantis larvae.
On first instar Euchloe larvae all primary setae are melanized. Ultimate instar larvae have dorsal and subdorsal primary setae darkened and the primary setae of lateral, subventral, and ven- tral areas demelanized.
The secondary setae which appear on Euchloe larvae in in- creasing numbers on successive instars also vary in size and prominence. The length of secondary setae becomes longer on larvae of Euchloe olympia, remains about the same on larvae of Euchloe ausonides, and become shorter on larvae of Euchloe hyantis.
The apparent color of secondary setae on ultimate instar larvae is uniformly pale on Euchloe ausonides larvae, and dark on dorsal and subdorsal areas of Euchloe olympia and Euchloe hyantis larvae.
The extent and melanization of the sclerotized setiferous chalazae and pinaculi also differs between species and succes- sive instars of the same species. The sclerotized chalazae of Euchloe ausonides and Euchloe olympia larvae become greater in extent with each succeeding instar, remaining about the same proportion to larval size. The chalazae of Euchloe hyantis larvae become progressively smaller with each succeeding instar, paralleling the size decrease of the primary setae.
The sclerotized chalazae or pinaculi bearing primary setae are darkened on all areas of all instars of Euchloe larvae, with the exception of lateral areas on ultimate instar larvae of Euchloe hyantis.
The bases of secondary setae on all ultimate instar larvae are darkened on dorsal and subdorsal areas and pale on the lateral areas. On the subventral and ventral areas they are darkened on Euchloe ausonides and Euchloe hyantis, while most are pale on Euchloe olympia larvae.
Pupa. — Pupal marking and coloration is extremely variable. Some idea of the pupal coloration may be seen by referring to Plate 1, figs. 2 and 4.
Although the recurvature of Euchloe pupae is somewhat variable, the relative proportions of the pupae are slightly dif- ferentiated. Line drawings of the pupae (Figs. 16-18) show that the ratio of the cephalic portion to pupal length is greater
20
PAUL OPLER
/. Res. Lepid.
for Euchloe ausonides (.28) than for Euchloe olympia (.25) and Euchloe hyantis (.24). The dorsal surface of the cephalic portion of Euchloe hyantis pupae is slightly emarginate when viewed laterally.
SUMMARY
Certain features of the life history and morphology of the immature stages of Euchloe emphasize the division of the Nearc- tic members into two species groups. In particular, location of oviposition site, larval behavior, larval color pattern and chaeto- taxy are characters whose condition in the two species groups indicates genetic isolation of long standing.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The following individuals provided information or material representing the immature stages of Euchloe which proved in- valuable in the construction of this paper: J. F. Emmel, Idyll- wild, California; T. C. Emmel, Gainesville, Florida; Chris Henne, Pearblossom, California; E. J. Newcomer, Yakima, Washington; M. C. Nielsen, Lansing, Michigan; and Fred Thorne, El Cajon, California. Roland Fisher, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, kindly loaned larval material representing Euchloe olympia.
I am indebted to Wayne Steele, Livermore, California, for his preparation and provision of scanning electron photomicro- graphs of the egg of Euchloe ausonides.
Evert Schlinger, Division of Entomology, University of Cali- fornia, Rerkeley, reviewed the manuscript of this paper and provided suggestions and corrections which were incorporated into the final draft.
LITERATURE CITED
( In addition to those cited in Part 2 )
HINTON, H. E. 1946. On the homology and nomenclature of the setae of lepidopterous larvae, with some notes on the phylogeny of the Lepi- doptera. Trans. Roy. Ent. Soc. London, 97(1): 1-37.
HOVANITZ, W. 1970. Habitat — Euchloe hyantis andrewsi. Jour. Res. Lepid., 8(1): 16-17.
MEINERS, E. P. 1938. The life history of Euchloe olympia Edwards, with some notes on its habits. Proc. Missouri Acad. ScL, 4(6): 154- 156.
OPLER, P. A. 1966. Studies on Nearctic Euchloe. Parts 1 and 2. Jour. Res. Lepid., 5(1): 39-50.
, 1969. Studies on Nearctic Euchloe. Part 5. Distribution. Jour.
Res. Lepid., 7 (2): 65-86.
REMINGTON, C. L. 1952. The biology of Nearctic Lepidoptera. I. Food- plants and life-histories of Colorado Papilionoidea. Psyche, 59(2): 61-
70.
SHIELDS, O. A., J. F. EMMEL, and D. E. BREEDLOVE. 1970. Butterfly larval foodplant records and a procedure for reporting foodplants.
Jour Res. Lepid., 8(1): 21-36.
SWALES, D. E. 1966. Species of insects and mites collected at Frobisher Bay, Baffin Island, 1964 and Inuvik, N.W.T., 1965, with brief eco- logical and geographical notes. Ann. Soc. Entornol. Quebec, 11(3): 189-199.
Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera
13(l):21-22, 1974
1160 W. Orange Grove Ave., Arcadia, California. U.S.A. © Copyright 1975
3 STACKS OF THE EGGS OF HEMISTOLA HATCHING
NOEL McFarland
129 Gloucester Ave., Belair, South Australia 5052
Eggs of Hemistola chrysoprasaria (Esper) {GEOMETRh DAE-^GEOMETRINAE) (det. F. Benz), SHOWING LARVAE IN THE PROCESS OF EMERGING: These eggs were kindly given to me by Dr. F. Benz of Binningen, Switzerland, who ob- tained them from a female taken at mv. light, 26 JUNE 1968, at Ober-Zeihen AG, Switzerland. (The eggs were deposited 28 JUNE 68, and hatching took place 10 days later ) . The mode of oviposition, in precise stacks, is characteristic. Perhaps the procryptic value of these stacks lies in the way they simulate the appearance of tightly-coiled immature tendrils on the stems of the foodplant (Clematis vitalba L. - RANUNCULACEAE)? The photograph was made when the larvae were just in the process of chewing their way to freedom. The third one down from the top (in the left stack) had already gone, leaving the (characteristic) clean-cut exit-hole in the end of its empty egg shell. The second one down (same stack) had nearly finished its exit-hole; the dark-colored object filling the hole is the head of the young larva. The top egg (same stack) shows a very small hole just being started. In the other 2 stacks can be seen the (dark) larval heads, aligned in rows, still inside the eggs. The egg dimensions for this series were: 0.90-0.85 x 0.65 x 0.40 mm. (N. McFarland photo; species code-number Gm. 195).
21
22
NOEL McFarland
/. Res. Lepid
Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera
13(l):23-42, 1974
1160 W. Orange Grove Ave., Arcadia, California 91006, U.S.A.
© Copyright 1975
AN ANNOTATED CHECKLIST OF
THE MACROHETEROCERA OF SOUTH-EASTERN ONTARIO
P. S. WARD', R. HARMSEN“, and P. D. N. HEBERT'
Biology Department, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario
INTRODUCTION
Progress in theoretical ecology, community evolution and basic pollution research is seriously retarded by the absence of systematically collected, carefully documented population sam- ples of sufficient size in both number of individuals and in species number. This is especially true for the animal kingdom.
Lepidoptera, especially night flying ones, are an admirably suitable taxocene for such research. Yet, even here, few collec- tions are adequate in sampling technique, quantification and consistency, making it very difficult to use these collections for the formulation of generalizations concerning ecosystem or com- munity structure.
In the past several years we have been conducting an inten- sive complete-season collecting program in an attempt to survey the macroheterocera fauna of the Kingston region. This forms part of a broader study on the effects of environmental disturbance on species diversity, and the evolution of community structure, the results of which will be published elsewhere. In this publica- tion we wish to record the moth species collected, their flight periods and relative abundance, and notes on their life histories.
The list covers the south-eastern portion of southern Ontario, an approximately triangular area bordered by 75° 45' W longi- tude, 45° Ol/N latitude, and the St. Lawrence River System ( figure 1 ) . This is a physiographically diverse area, with variably overlain Paleozoic sediments interrupted in the center of the
^School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. ^Biology Department, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario.
23
24
WARD, ET AL
J. Res. Lepid.
Fig. 1. — South-eastern Ontario, with the principal collecting sites G, P, and C. The fourteen other localities are as follows: 1) Portland, Leeds Co., 2) Westport, Leeds Co., 3) Bedford Mills, Frontenac Co., 4) Lake Opini- con, Frontenac Co., 5) Cranberry Lake, Frontenac Co., 6) Washburn, Frontenac Co., 7) Kingston, Frontenac Co., 8) Amherstview, Lennox & Addington Co., 9) Westbrook, Frontenac Co., 10) Harrowsmith, Frontenac Co., 11) Marlbank, Hastings Co., 12) Belleville, Hastings Co., 13) Frank- ford, Hastings Co., and 14) Wooler, Northumberland Co.
13(1):23=42, 1974 ONTARIO MACROHETEROCERA
25
region by a protrusion of the Precambrian Shield. The predomi- nant forest of white pine and northern hardwoods contains a considerable infusion of austral (Carolinian) elements (Snyder et al., 1941; Soper, 1962; Harmsen, Hebert and Ward, 1974). Much of the original vegetation has been replaced by second growth forest and agricultural land.
The macroheterocera fauna of the area exhibits a remarkable species richness which coincides with a great regional diversity of plants (Beschel et ah, 1970) and birds (Quilliam, 1973). The south-eastern Ontario total of 820 + macroheteroceran species may be compared to Ferguson’s (1955) listing of 764 species from the entire province of Nova Scotia and Moore’s (1955) tabulation of 1006 species from the state of Michigan. Single- locality species totals for south-eastern Ontario (see below) are far in excess of those normally reported in the literature for temperate regions (e.g. Preston, 1948; Williams, 1964; McFar- land, 1965; LaFrance, 1968).
METHODS
The bulk of the records is based on daily collections of noc- turnal macrolepidoptera made by the authors over at least one complete collecting season (spring to autumn) at each of three collecting sites: Glenburnie, Perth Road and Chaffey’s Locks, hereafter designated G, P, and C respectively (Table 1). The former is located in marginal agricultural land on Ordovician limestone, while P and C are situated in areas of mixed forest on Precambrian metamorphic rock. All specimens were collected with a 20- watt blacklight ( GE FT20T12-BL ) set against a white cloth background. The light was run all night and moths were collected off the screen at dawn.
We consider one complete sample of the fauna to consist of all macroheterocera collected over an entire season at one light. Thus site G was sampled once, C and P each four times. Alto- gether 101,862 individuals comprising 778 species were identified and recorded. The total numbers of species recorded in this manner from each collecting site are 427 (G), 571 (G), and 701 (P).
Additional material from G, C, and P was obtained by rearing immature stages, collecting diurnally, and collecting with light and bait outside the prescribed collecting schedule. Sporadic collecting has also been carried out at 14 other localities in
26
WARD, ET AL
/. Res. Lepid.
south-eastern Ontario (Figure 1). Most of these collections were made by the authors but some records from the Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto (ROM) (mostly collected by J.C.E. Riotte) and the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa (CNC) have also been included. These additional data bring the total number of recorded species to 822.
The majority of the material was identified by P.S.W. and P.D.N.H., utilizing particularly Forbes (1948, 1954, 1960), Fer- guson (1955), McGufBn (1967, 1972), and access to the Cana- dian National Collection, Ottawa. Some difficult material was determined by specialists mentioned in the acknowledgements.
The families, genera, and species are arranged alphabetically, and subspecies names are not used. Nomenclature essentially follows McDunnough (1939), in conjunction with recent revi- sionary changes. Authors names have been omitted since all species names may be found in McDunnough (1938) or Forbes (1948, 1954) with the exception of the following: Anisota finlaysoni Riotte (1969); Eupithecia rindgei McDunnough (1949), Semiothisa marmorata Ferguson (1972), Semiothisa pinostrohata Ferguson (1972), Semiothisa signaria (Hiibner) (=S. dispuncta (Walker)). Thera juniperata (Linnaeus) {=T. procteri Brower), Helicoverpa zea (Roddie) (=H. obsoleta of authors, not Fabricius), and Hypenodes palustris Ferguson (1954).
THE CHECKLIST
In the following list, the numbers in parentheses after G, C, or P refer to the total numbers of individuals collected at each site under the prescribed collecting schedule. This gives a rough idea of relative abundances, but it is worth remembering that G was only sampled one year. If a species was only recorded from G, C, or P outside the collecting program this is indicated by a dash in parentheses. Records from the fourteen other collecting localities are usually only included if less than half a dozen individuals have been collected at G, C, and P.
13(1):23»42, 1974 ONTARIO MACROHETEROCERA
27
AGARISTIDAE Alypia octomaculata
ARCTIIDAE Apantesis anna
Apantesis arge
Apantesis celia Apantesis nais Aj^antesis parthenice Apantesis phalerata Apantesis phyllira Apantesis virgo Apantesis virguncula Arctia caja
Cisthene plumbea
Clemensia albata Crambidia casta Crambidia pallida Crambidia pura Cycnia tenera Estigmene acraea
Euchaetias egle Euchaetias oregonensis Halysidota caryae Halysidota maculata
Halysidota tesselaris Haploa confusa Haploa contigua Haploa lecontei Holomelina aurantiaca Holomelina ferruginosa Holomelina opella Hyphantria cunea Hypoprepia fucosa Hypoprepia miniata Lycomorpha pholus
Phragmatobia assimilans Phragmatobia fuliginosa
Pyrrharctia isabella
Spilosoma congruum Spilosoma primum Spilosoma virginicura
Trigrioides bicolor
CITHERONIIDAE Anisota finlaysoni
Anisota rubicunda Anisota virginiensis
Eacles imperialis
DREPANIDAE Drepana arcuata
Drepana bilineata Eudeilinea herminiata
Oreta rosea
EPIPLEMIDAE Callizia amorata
C(-), P(~). Adults diurnal, May 10-Jun 26; reared from larvae on Vitis riparia
C(18), P(130). Jun 8-Jul 9.
G(20), C(5), P(4). May 8-14; Jul 23-Sep 6. Predominantly in late summer.
G(l), C(-), P(28). May 31-Jun 24.
C(58), P(228). May 21- Jul 14; Aug 19.
G(3). C(2), P(19). Aug 10-Sep 8.
G{65), C(-). Jun 2-17; Aug 6-Sep 7; Oct 13.
G(2). Aug 5-Sep 5.
G(7), C(2), P{6). Jul 19-Aug 3.
G(29), C(-), P(17). Jun 13-Jul 27.
C(-), P(l). Aug 7. Two specimens at light at C: Aug 18, 1964; Aug 10, 1966.
C(-). Two specimens at light; Jul 14, 1963;
Jul 17, 1967.
G(2), C(5), P(4). Jun 26-Jul 28.
C(-). One specimen at light; Aug 23, 1969. C(10), P(168). Jul 27-Sei. 4.
G(22), P(1). Jun 12-26; Aug 6-31.
G(10), C(24), P(71). Jun 2-Jul 30.
G(103), C(9), P(51). May 24~Sep 4. Probably bivoltine .
G(32), C(22), P{29). Jun 4-Aug 2.
G(4), C(12), P(21). May 31-Jul 13; Jul 16-Aug 9. G(20), C(19), P(300). May 24-Jul 11.
Belleville. Aug 10, 19c>2, (Carleton University Collection) ,
G(75), C(374), P(2734). Jun 3-Aug 27.
G(47), c(20), P{57). Jul 19-Aug 18.
G(l), C(ll), P(3). Jul 15-28.
C(l), P(14). Jun 17- Jul 23.
C(9), P(58). Jun 18; Jul 6-Aug 23.
G(154), C(50), P(50). Jun 2-Jul 10; Jul 7-Sep 6. C(18), P(158). Jun 23-Aug 29.
G(118), C(19), P(192). Jun l~Jul 21.
G(20), C(137), P(832). Jul 9-Sep 13.
G(3), C(17), P(505). Jul 13-Sep 15.
C(-)j P(3). Jul 14-Aug 10. Common diurnal species, frequently visiting Solidago flowers,
Jul 29-Aug 22.
G(3), C(22), P(168). May 2-Jun 3.
G(68), C(12), P(55). May 17-Jun 7; Jul 20- Sep 15. Second brood larger.
G(73), C(83), P(165). May 31-Aug 6; A.ug 26- Sep 12.
G(l), C(181), P(186). May 14-Jul 4; Aug 22.
G(3), C(45), P(115). May 7-Jun 29.
G(252), C(230), P(463). May 1-Sep 16; Oct 22. Several overlapping generations.
P(10). Jul 24-Aug 6,
Kingston; Jun 27, 1969 (12) (ROM); Otter Lake, Frontenac Co.: Jul 6, 1974 (Id). Eggs and larvae collected on Quercus in vicinity of Belleville .
C(297), P(1463). May 19- Jul 29; Aug 17-Sep 10. C(4), P(29). May 30- Jul 17. Only females at light; males diurnal.
C(43), P(76). Jun 12-Aug 8.
G(2), C(309), P{636). May 4-Jul 10; Jul 3- Aug 30.
G(1), C(91), P(353). May 2-Jun 28; Jul 5-Sep 5. C{1), P(3). May 31-Jun 12; Aug 12. Locally common in hardwood swamps at P. Jun 7-16.
G(l), C(13), P(65). Jun 8-Jul 21; Jul 30- Sep 15.
C(3) , P(l). May 31-Jun 29.
/. Res. Lepid.
28
WARD, ET AL
EUCHKOMIIDAE Cisseps fulvicollis
Ctenucha virginica
GEOMETRIDAE
Abbottana clemataria Aethalura anticaria Alsophila pometaria
Anacamptodes ephyraria Anacamptodes vellivolata
Anagoga occiduaria Anavitrinella pampinaria
Antepione thisoaria Apicia confusaria Bapta glomeraria Bapta semiclarata
Bapta vestaliata Besma endropiaria Besma quercivoraria Biston cognataria
Brephos infans
Campaea perlata
Caripeta angustiorata Caripeta divisata Caripeta piniata Catopyrrha coloraria
Cepphis armataria Cepphis decoloraria Chlorochlamys chloroleucaria
Cingilia catenaria
Cleora projecta
Cleora sublunaria Coryphista meadi
Cosymbia pendulinaria
Deilinea erythremaria
Deilinea variolaria
Diactinia silaceata Dichorda irridaria Drepanulatrix liberaria Dyspteris abortivoraria Dysstroma hersiliata Dysstroma sp.
Earophila vasaliata Ectropis crepuscularia
Ematurga atomaria
Ennomos magnarius Ennomos subsignarius Epirrhanthis substriataria Epirrhoe alternata Epirrita autumnata Erannis tiliaria Euchlaena effecta Euchlaena irraria Euchlaena johnsonaria
G(96), C(5), P(a). Jun 9-Jul 11; Jul 17- Sep 8: Oct 11.
G(243), C(25), P{45). Jan l-aug 5; Dep 15.
G(2), C(154), P(92). May 1-Jun 24.
C(64) , P(33). May 7-Jun 2b.
0(83), C{-), P(4). npr 8-Hay 7; Nov 4.
Common, diurnal spring species in Kingston,
Mar 21-Hay 1. Fewer adults emerge in the autunm .
C(42), P(108). Jun 25-Aug 10.
G(75), C(18), P(4b). May 2-Jul 4; Jul 14- Aug 10; Sep 4-23.
0(1), P(25). May 4-Jun 14.
G(186), 0(28), P(80). May 15-Jul 8; Jul 15- Sep 8.
P(32) . May 23-Jun 25.
0(15), 0(6), P(57). Jul 6-Aug 6.
P(2). May 8.
C(-), ?(1). May 14. Collected during the day at C, P, and Harrowsmith, May 17-29.
G(lb), C(16), P(89). May 17-Jun 28; Jul 17. C(2), P(33). May 30- Jul 15.
C(9), P(85). May 11- Jul 10; Jul 27-aug 21. 0(34), 0(39), P(115). May 2D-HUg 26. Fre- quency of melanic specimens in 1971 at P was 12/73 or 16.4f=.
O(-), P(-). Diurnal, early spring species,
Apr 11 -May 9.
0(12), 0(136), P(303). Jun 2-Jul 29; i^ug 15- Sep 15.
G(l), 0(22), P(43). Jul 15-Aug 15.
C(2) , P(2) . Jul 19-Aug 1.
0(2), 0(42), P(179). May 30-Jul 31.
Cooler. May 9, 1972 {L^dd, 229), flushed from Ceonothus .
G ( 1 ) , /'{T ) . Jun 10; aug 14.
C(2). Jun 6-18,
0(34), 0(24), P(35). May 25- Jul 17; Jul 25- Aug 31.
0(5), P(859). Sep lO-Oct 2. Larvae collec- ted on Myrica gale and on ericaceous bog plants; in outbreak proportions on sphagnum bogs at Harrowsmith and westport in 1973 .
P(3). May 8-Jun 17. Also reared from larvae on Myrica gale in small sphagnum bog at P. PdTT^y 19.
G(o), C(-), P(1). AUg 9-Sep 13. Larvae on Berberis vulgaris at C. also attacks orna- mental Berberis in urban areas, including Kingston.
G(l), 0(64), P(227). May 14-Sep 14. Two, partially overlapping broods with peaks in mid- June and early nugust.
G(l), C(2), P(21). Hay 29-Jul 2; Jul 26-
AUg 30.
G(5), 0(22), P(57). Jun 8- Jul 15; Jul 13- Sep 3.
C(b). May 25- Jun 2; Jul 29-Aug 12.
C(13), P(27). May 19- Jun 22; Jul 31-Aug 17.
C (4) . Sep b-Oct 12 .
C(l) , P(l). Jun 2-15.
G(l), C(7), P(19). Jun 17-Jul 20.
Bedford Mills, ‘J\festport. Two specimens at light in sphagnum bogs, Jun 23-29, 1973.
G(l), C(4), P(22). Apr 20-Kay 30.
G(9), 0(60), P(92). May 1-Jun 16; Jun 16- AUg 16.
P(-). Harrowsmith, vv'estport . Diurnal bog species, May 24-Jun 26.
G(53), 0(63), P(3b7). Jul 28-Oct 22.
G(10), C(134), P(246). Jul 6-Aug 20.
Wooler. One specimen at light; May 9, 1972. C(l), P(18). Jun 2-29; Aug 6-Sep 9.
C(45), P(18). Oct 5-24.
G(47), C(3b), P(47). Oct 8-Nov 4.
G(2), C(4), P(1U). Jun 27-Jul 2b.
C(l) , P(24) . Jun 2-Jul b.
0(3), 0(2), P(39). Jul b-Aug 10.
13(1):23~42, 1974 ONTARIO MACROHETEROCERA
29
Euchlaena marginaria Euchlaena obtusaria Euchlaena serrata Eudule mendica Eufidonia discospilata
Eufidonia notatoria Eugonobapta nivosaria Eumacaria latiferrugata Euphyia centrostrigaria
Euphyia multiferata Euphyia unarigulata
Eupithecia affinata Eupithecia castigiata Eupithecia coloradensis Eupithecia coagulata Eupithecia columbiata Eupithecia filmata Eupithecia fletcherata Eupithecia furnosa Eupithecia gibsonata Eupithecia luteata Eupithecia miserulata
Eupithecia misturata Eupithecia mutata Eupithecia palpata Eupithecia perfusca Eupithecia ravocostaliata Eupithecia rindgei Eupithecia russeliata Eupithecia satyrata Eupithecia sheppardata Eupithecia sobrinata
Eupithecia strattonata Eupithecia swetti Eustroma nubilata Guenaria basiaria Haematopis grataria
Heliomata cycladata
Hesperumia sulphuraria Hethemia pistaciaria Heterophleps triguttaria
Homochlodes fritillaria Horisme intestinata Hydrelia albifera Hydria undulata Hydriomena divisaria Hydriomena renunciata Hypagyrtis piniata Hypagyrtis subatomaria Hyperetis alienaria
Isturgia truncataria
Itame andersoni complex
Itame brunneata
Itame exhauspicata Itame pustularia Itame ribearia
Itame subcessaria Itame sulphurea
Lambdina fiscellaria Lobophora nivigerata
Lozogramma subaequaria
C(6), P(25). May 14- Jun 20.
G(l). C(5), F(2}. Jun 2»30.
G{3iK C(1o), P(7). Jul 9-MUg 5.
C(l), P(8). Jul 6-nug 5.
C(-). Harrowsmith, Westport. Diurnal species, common in bogs, May 24- Jul 8.
G(5), P(47). May 19-Jul 2.
0(2), C(33), P(189). Jul 2-Aug 8.
0(5), P(4). Jun 6-18; Jul 4-KUg 5.
0(9), 0(14), P(34). Jun 24-Oct 22. Appar- ently two or more generations, commonest In August - October. Possibly a migratory species .
P(3). Jun 7-20.
0(46^, C(19), P(25). May 16- Jul 13; Aug 2- Sep i9.
C(2), P(9). Aug 9-Sep 3.
C(l). Jun 13.
P(l) . Jun 16.
P(6). nug 15-27.
C(31), P(244). May 1-Jun 11.
P(4). May 7-19.
P(146). Aug 8-Sep 2.
0(5), 0(4), P(27). Kay 9-Jun 22; nug 3-Ser 4. 0(19), P(23). May 7-Jun 28.
P(5). Jun 10-26.
G(13), 0(12), P(45). Hay 1-Jul 1; Aug 3-Nov 3. Much commoner in autumn; possibly overwinters as adult.
0(1), P(l). May 8; Jul 17.
P(3). Jun 30- Jul 5.
0(1), 0(24), P(89). May 14- Jun 27.
P(6). Jun 17-27; Jul 27.
G(2), C(d), P(14). May 1-Jun 29.
P(l). Jun 2.
P(3). Jun 26-29.
0(1). Aug 25.
C(l) 1(2). May 29-Jun 19.
G(l4), C(27), P(77). AUg 14-Oct 13. L<-rvae collected on Juniperus comnur.is .
G(l), C(3), P(13). May 19-Jun 19.
P(2). May 16-18.
G(2). Jul 10-Aug 1.
G(l), C(3), P(6). Jun 22~Aug 5.
G(51), 0(1), P(2). Jun 11-15; Jul 23-Sep 16. Second generation much more prevalent.
C(l). Jun 14. One other record from C:
Jun 14, 1967.
C(-). Two specimens at light: Jul 9-12, 1967. 0(3), 0(69), P(79). May 10-Jun 26.
C(-), P(l). Jul 27. Collected diurnally at C; Jul 30, 1969.
0(1), P(15). Jun 3-Jul 8.
0(1), c(39), P(10). May 21-Jul 1; Jul 14-Aug 24. P(4). May jO-Jun 17; A.ug 13.
0(1), C(-), P(28). Jun 1-Aug 21.
0(1). May 3.
C(13), P(58). May 7-Jun 15; Jul 12-26.
C(14) , P(46) . Jun 9-Jul 30.
0(1) P(108). Jun 9- Jul 28; Aug 27.
C(36), P(247). May 8-Jun 26; Jul 30-Aug 6.
Only three second generation individuals.
P(-). Harrowsmith, V/estport. Common diurnal bog species, May 6-Jun 26.
0(5), P(83). Jun 9- Jul 26. Reared from larvae collected on Ribes and Vaccinium .
P(l). Jun 26. Common in sphagnum- bog at West- port, Jun 26-27, 1973.
C(6), P(30). Jun 7-Jul 14.
0(5), C(59), P(536). Jun 30-Sep 4.
0(3), C(-), P(8). Jul 18-30. Larvae collected on a cultivated Ribes sp.
C(5), P(44). Jul 6-Aug 1.
P(-). Bedford Mills, Portland. Adults diurnal in sphagnum bogs, the males occasionally at light, Jun 11-Jul 29. Also rearea from larvae collected on Myrica gale.
C(6) , P(3). Sep 3-Oct 5.
G(2), C(42), P(108). May 5-Jun 28; Jul 10;
Jul 23.
C(l) , P(29) . May 8-Jun 11.
/. Res. Lepid.
30
WARD, ET AL
Lycia ursaria Lygris diversilineata
Lygris explanata Lygris serrataria Lygris testata Lytrosis unitaria Melanolophia canadaria Melanolophia signataria Mesoleuca ruficillata Mesothea incertata
Metanema determinata Metanema inatomaria Metarranthis duaria Ketarranthis hypochraria Metarranthis indeclinata Metarranthis obfirmaria
Metarranthis refractaria Metarranthis warneri Nematocampa f ilamentaria
Nemoria bistriaria
Nemoria mimosaria Nepytia canosaria Nyctobia atroliturata Nyctobia limitaria Operophtera bruceata
Orthofidonia flavivenata Orthofidonia tinctaria Paleacrita vernata Percnoptilota obstipata
Perizoma basaliata Pero honestarius
Pero marmorata Pero morrisonarius Phaeoura que maria Phigalia olivacearia
Phigalia titea
Plagodis alcoolaria Plagodis nigrescaria
Plagodis phlogosoria
Plagodis serinaria Pleuroi-rucha insulsaria
Prochoerodes transversata Protitame virginalis Protoboarniia porcelaria Rheumapter'a hastata Scopula cacuminaria Scopula enucleata Scopula inductata
Scopula junctaria Scopula persimilis
Selenia alciphearia Semiothisa aeniulataria Semiothisa bicolorata Semiothisa bisignata Semiothisa gnophosaria Semiothisa marmorata Semiothisa mellistrigata Semiothisa minorata Semiothisa neptaria Semiothisa ocellinata Semiothisa orillata Semiothisa oweni Semiothisa pinostrobata Semiothisa sexmaculata
G(8), C(5), P(157). upr 12-Jun 5- G(32), c(40), P(3B). Jul 9-Sep 15. In- cludes form gracilineata . Reared from larvae on Vitis.
C(20) , P(77) . Jun 30-KUg 14; Sep 23.
G(l) , P(o) . Jul 9-27.
C(l), P(2). Sep 14-30.
G{2), C(19), P(30). Jun 24-Jul 19.
0(4) , P(18) . May 29-Jun 23 .
G(2), C(21), P(22). May 4- Jun 24.
C(2), P(2). Hay 21- Jun 7; aug 9-13.
C(-), P(-). Harrowsmith , Washburn, vvestport, Portland, adults diurnal, on bogs and dry heaths, apr 2b- Jun 2.
C(-). One specimen at light: May 23, 1973. 0(43), P(117). May 14- Jul 6; Jul 14-aug 25. G(5), C(3), P(22). May 4-Jun 18.
C(2) , P(7) . May 21-Jun 10.
0(1), 0(12), P(3b). May 24-Jur 23.
C(-), P(l). Jun 7. adults normally diurnal, on dry heaths or bogs at C, P, and Westport,
May 10- Jun 5.
0(1), C(l^), P(19). May 31-Jun 20.
0(3 ) , CU) , P(ll) . Jun 10-29.
0(4), 0(20), P(45). Jul 3-aug 3. Includes three of form chagnoni from P.
0(10), 0(170), P(730). May 1-Jun 17; Jul 9- aug 17; Sep 15.
0(12), P(13). May 28-Jun 19; Oct 27.
0(4), 0(20), P(4). Aug 8-Sep 2o.
O(-), P(30). apr. 19-May 19.
0(1), 0(12), P(15). May 3-28.
0(4), G(-), P(-). Nov 2-3. Oonimon late fall species at 0 (Oct 31-Nov 8).
0(7), P(188). May 1-29.
P(l) . Jun 9.
0(66), 0(20), P(28). apr 8-May 29.
0(47), 0(9), P(3b). May 18-Nov 3. Oommonest in Sejitember and uctobei’; possibly migratory. 0(1) . Jul 20.
0(820), 0(41), P(33). May 10-Jul 4; Jul 26- Oct 11.
P(2). Aug 11-12.'
0(7) , P(2) . May 31-Jun 25.
0(1), 0(1), P(ll). May 23-Jun 30.
0(4), 0(7), P(70). Apr. 12-May 19. all males, no melanics.
0(3B), 0(31), P(118). apr 12-May 27. all males; frequency of melanic specimens in 1971 at P was 5/100 or 5.0%.
0(38), P(152). May 8-Jun 18.
O(-), P(l). Jun 10. One specimen at light at 0: Jun 20, 1973.
0(2), 0(174), P(1470). May 1-Jun 25; Jul 5- aug 14.
0(26), P(IOO). May 10- Jun 17.
0(21), 0(55), P(36). May 31-Oct 25. Appar- ently several overlapping generations.
0(1), 0(53), P(136). Jul 29-Sep 15.
0(1), 0(8), P(3b8). May 8-Jul 16; Jul 23-Sep 4. 0(6) , P(9) . Jun 27-Jul 23.
C(-). One specimen at light: Jul 1, 1973.
0(7), 0(1), P(-). Jul 4-«ug 14.
0(11), 0(55), P(260). Jun 29-aug 19.
0(170), 0(27), P (8). Hay 31- Jul 17; aug 4-Sep 14.
P(l). Jun 18.
O(-). One male reared from mature wandering larva collected apr 6, 1970.
P(l). May 8
O(-), P(57). May 29-Jun ?9; Jul 24-Sep 2. 0(124). May 31-aug 28.
0(7), 0(394), P(2741). May 25-Ser. 16.
0(1). Jun 16.
0(2) . Jul 18-20.
0(3), 0(3), P(l). May 31-Aug 14.
0(9), 0(100), P(1051). May 14-Sep 2.
0(1) , P(l) . Jun 2-7.
0(1) , P(l) . aug 16-20.
0(3), P(20). May 25- Jul 3; Jul 26-nUg 22.
0(1), P(15). May 31-Jul 8; Jul 29-aug 13.
C(SOl, P(119l. I>tiy 29-Sep 14.
0(3), 0(4), F(36). May 19-Jun 30; Jul 23- Sep 5.
13(1):23^42, 1974 ONTARIO MACROHETEROCERA
31
Semiothisa signaria
Semiothisa submarmorata
Semiothisa transitaria Semiothisa ulsterata Sicya raacularia Spargania magnoliata Steuaspilatodes antidiscaria
Stenoporpia polygrammaria Sterrha demissaria Synchlora aerata
Tacparia detersata Tacparia zalissaria Tetrads cachexiata Tetrads crocallata Thera contracta
Thera juniperata
Trichodezia albovittata
Triphosa haesitata
¥enusia comptaria Xanthorhoe emendata Xanthorhoe ferrugata
Xanthorhoe iduata Xanthorhoe lacustrata Xanthotype sospeta Xanthotype urticaria Xystrota ferruminaria
LASIOCiJ-iPILUE Epicnaptera americana
Kalacosoma americanum Malacosoma disstria Tolype laricis Tolype velleda.
LMAWTRIIDaE
Orgyia definita Orgyia leucostigna
Parorgyia
Paror-gyia
Parorgyia
Parorgyia
Parorgyia
NOCTUIDAE
Abagrotis
Achatodes
Acronicta
Acronicta
Acronicta
Acronicta
Acronicta
Acronicta
Acronicta
basifla¥a
dorsipennata
obliquata
plagiata
vagans
alternata
zeae
af flicta
americana
dactylina
fragilis
grisea
haesitata
hasta
Acronicta
Acronicta
Acronicta
Acronicta
Acronicta
Acronicta
impleta
irapressa
sp. near impressa inclara innotata interrupta
acronicta laetifica
Acronicta lanceolaria Acronicta lepusculina
Bedford Mills, V/estport . i%t light in sphagnum bogs, Jun 23-26, 1973.
Westport , Conunon at light in sphag- num bog, Jun 27-29, 1973.
C(l). Jul 20.
C(2), P(9). Jun 13-Jul 9; Aug 9.
G(l) , C(25) , F{16) . Jul 2-23.
P(l). Jun 7.
C(-). One specimen at light: Jun 5,
1967.
P(13). Jun 5- Jul 3.
P(37). Jul 25-Aug 20.
G(BK C(3), P(3). Aug 11-31. Once
in the spring at C; Jun 20, 1973.
C{5) , P(33) . May 18- Jul 2.
C(l) P(8). Jun 1-29,
G(24), C(47), P{9H). May Ib-Jul 1.
G{4), C(-), P(4). Jun 2-29.
G(3), C(2), Pf9). Sep 11-Oct 1;
May 2,
0(17} , C(113), P{41). Oct 3-«ov 3.
Lar¥ae common on Juniperus communis.
C(“), P(“). Common diurnal species in wooded locations, May 18-Sep 14.
C(-.), P(l). KUg 16. Three specimens at light at C; May 1-15, 1971. adults found hibernating in ca¥e near F.
C(339), P{435). Apr 29-Jun 1.
C{7). P{17). aug 13~Sep 9.
G(20), C(30), P(72). Hay 14-Jun 24; Jul 15- Sep 20.
P{1). KUg 30.
C(2), P{7). May 15- Jun 2; Jul 4-AUg 5.
G{9), C(8), F{17). Jun 23-Jul 2?.
G{8}. C(7), P(24), Jun 17-nug 24,
C{16), P{21). Hay 10- Jul 7; Jul 20-Aug 7.
G(8), C(60), P(154). Hay 1-Jun 30; Jul 7- aug 12.
G(169), C{201), P{1190). Jun 15-Aug 1. G(2) C(36), P{132). Jun 26-Jul 31,
G{23), C(299), P{526). Jul 23-Sep 30. G(59), C{348), P{167). nag 15-Uct 15.
C(20), P(25). Aug 15“0ct 9.
Pf3). Aug 5-Oct 22. Cominon in Kingston in the fall of 1970, egg masses conspicuous on shade trees, especially Acer saccharinum, G(l), C(3), P(32). Jul l-Aug“Tf7~“‘~ C(l) , P{48) . Jul 5~Aug 27.
G(9), 0(40), P(460). Jul 5-Sep 1,
G(3), C(48), P(lOl). Jun 26-Aug 15.
G(7), C{44), P(200), Jun 11-aug 2?.
C(4), P{33). Jul 23-Sep 23.
G{2), P(l). Jul 23-«ug 19,
C(2), P(16). Jun 4-Aug 19.
G(9). G(86)j P(1215). Jun 1-Aus 25.
0(14), C(27), P(168), May lO-Aug 20.
C(l). Aug 9.
C(l). Jul 17.
C(13), P(277). Jun 1-Aug 28.
G(7), C(27), F(105). Hay 21-.Jul 16; Jul 13- Aug 29.
C(15), P{5?). May 8-Jul 5.
G(l), P{17). May 8- Jun 29; Jul 24-aug 26.
G (1 ) . Jun 13 .
G(2), C(24), F(106), May 31~Jul 20; Aug 10. G(3), C(36), P{109), Jun 1-Aug 8.
G(ll), C(21), P{55). May 10~Jun 29; Jul 29- Aug 24, Frequency of melanic or partly melanic individuals in 19?1 at P was 28/39 or 71,8%. G(ll), C(55), P(145). May 14-aug 10. Frequen- cies of melanic or partly melanic individuals; 14/32 or 43.85; (C, 1970); 20/5b or 35*7% (P, 1970); and 34/89 or 34.3% (P, 1971).
P(l). May 31.
C{18), P{39). May 18- Jul 9; Jul 26-Aug 16.
/. Res. Lepid.
32
Acronicta lithospila Acronicta lobeliae Acronicta morula Acronicta noctivaga Acronicta oblinita Acronicta ovata Acronicta pruni Acronicta radcliffei Acronicta retardata Acronicta sperata Acronicta superans Acronicta tristis Acronicta tritona Acronicta vinnula
Adita chionanthi Agriopodes fallax
Agroperina dubitans Agroperina helva Agrotis gladiaria Agrotis venerabilis Agrotis vetusta Agrotis volubilis Agrotis ypsilon
Alabama argillacea Aletia oxygala
Amathes badinodis Amathes bicarnea Amathes c-nigrum
Amathes collaris
Amathes normaniana Amathes opacifrons
Amathes smith!
Amathes tenuicula Amolita fessa
Amphipoea americana Amphipoea velata Amphipyra glabella Amphipyra pyramidoides Amphipyra tragopoginis Amyna octo
Anagrapha falcifera
Anaplectoides prasina Anaplectoides pressus Anathix puta Anathix ralla Anepia capsularis
Anomis erosa
Anomogyna dilvcida Anomogyna elimata Anomogyna youngi Anticarsia gemmatilis Anytus privatus Apamea alia Apamea amputatrix Apamea cariosa
Apamea finitima Apamea impulsa Apamea inficita Apamea inordinata Apamea lignicolora Apamea verbascoides
Apamea vultuosa Apharetra purpurea Aplectoides condita
WARD, ET AL
P(10). Jun 14-Jul 27.
G(l), C(6), P(9). May 16-Jun 30.
0(3), C(24), P(104). May 20-HUg 9.
G(16), C(19), P(82). May 14-Jul 6; Jul 23. G(l), C(13), P(55). May 29-Jul 16; Aug 7-29. G{1). C(52), P(875). Jun 9-Sep 7.
G(22), C(-), P(3). Jun 1-Jul 10; Aug 13-Sep 6. P(4). May 21-Jul 3.
G(2), C(3), P(19). Jun 10-Jul 30; Aug 20. 0(49), 0(1), P(20). May 24-Jul 20.
C{4), P(16). May 25-Jul 15; Jul 27-Aug 6. 0(51), P(253). May 31-Aug 22; Sep 20.
C(l), P(29). May 31-Jun 22; Jul 23-aue 21. 0(25), C(7), P(16). May 21-Jun 26; Jul 23- Aug 18.
G(3), 0(14), P(35). Aug 18-Oct 13.
C(-), P(2). Jul 3-9. One specimen at light at C: Jul 12, 1967.
G(3), C(2), P(6), Jul 3-Sep 12.
P(8). Aug 8-19.
G(32), C(2). Jul 30; Sep 5-23.
G(15), C(ll), P(8). Sep 5-Oct 2.
G(l), C(l), P(l). Aug 27-Sep 13.
G(131), C(31), P(62). May 24-Jul 5; Jul 24. G(226), C(48), P{112). May 8-Nov 3. Commonest in late summer and fall; apparently several overlapping generations.
0(3). Oct 2. Migrant from the south.
G(238), C(3), P(19). Jun 9-Jul 14; Jul 25- Oct 7.
G(21), C(-). Sep 5-Oct 2.
G(4), 0(2), P(ll). Jul 31-Sep 3.
G(5866), 0(291), P(447). Jun 1-Nov 3. Several overlapping generations; probably more than one species involved.
C(-)'. Two specimens at light: nug 28, Sep 1, 1967.
0(5), P(42). Jul 13-Sep 27.
P(-). One female at light in sphagnum bog:
Aug 16, 1973.
G(5), 0(4), P(3). Aug 12-Sep 12.
G(29), P(l). Aug 8-Sep 7.
0(3), P(-). Jul 14-25. Two specimens at light in sphagnum bog at P: Jul 8, 1970.
0(91), 0(8), P(9). Jul 24-Sep 12.
0(3), 0(2), P(9). Jul 13-Aug 17.
0(1), 0(20). Jul 23-Sep 25.
0(26), 0(31), P(121). Aug 5-Oct. 16.
0(228), 0(2), P(ll). Jul lO-Oct lb.
C(-). Two specimens at light: Sep 17, 1972, Stray from the south.
0(68), 0(3), P(ll). May 29-Jul 15; Jul 23- Oct 25.
0(2), 0(3), P(19). Jun 23-Aug 29.
0(1), P(5). Jun 18-Aug 8.
0(1), 0(1), P(l). Aug 14-Sep 2.
0(18), P(8). Aug 14-Sep 10.
o(-), P(l). Jul 26. One specimen at light
at 0: Jun 10, 1967.
O(-). One female at light: Oct 11, 1969.
Stray from the south P(10). Aug 24-Sep 14.
0(1), 0(32), P(47). Jul 26-Sep 18.
0(1), P(l). Jul 20; Aug 25.
0(1 ), 0(3). Oct 2-12. Migrant from the south. 0(1), G(-), P(14). Sep 9-30.
P(l), Jul 7.
0(30), 0(13), P(34). Jun 29-Aug 14.
C(-), P(5). Jun 29-Jul 14. Once at 0: Jun 17, 1967.
0(5), 0(2), P(3). Jun 10-29.
0(6), 0(2), P(l). Jun 26-Jul 25.
0(1), P(38). Aug 8-Sep 8.
0(6) . Jun 14-26.
0(55), 0(10), P(53). Jun 16-Aug 17.
P(2). Jul 3. One specimen at bait at P:
Aug 10, 1971.
0(1), p(3). Jun 15-24: Jul 31.
P(l). Jul 13.
P(3). May 31-Jun 9.
13(1):23^42, 1974 ONTARIO MACROHETEROCERA
33
Archanara oblonga Archanara subflava Argyrostrotis anilis Arzama diffusa Arzama obliqua Autographa ampla Autographa biloba Autographa mappa Autographa precationis
Baileya dormitans Baileya doubledayi Baileya ophthalmica Balsa labecula Balsa malana
Balsa tristigella Bleptina caradrinalis Bombycia algens Bomolocha abalienalis
Bomolocha baltimoralis Bomolocha bijugalis Bomolocha deceptalis Bomolocha edictalis Bomolocha madefactilis Bomolocha manalis Bomolocha palporia Bomolocha sordidula Caenurgina crassiuscula
Caenurgina erechtea
Caloe canadensis Capis curvata Catabena lineolata Catocala amatrix Catocala arnica Catocala antinympha Catocala blandula Catocala briseis
Catocala cerogama Catocala clintonii
Catocala coccinata Catocala coelebs
Catocala concumbens Catocala crataegi Catocala epione Catocala gracilis Catocala habilis Catocala ilia Catocala meskei
Catocala mira Catocala neogama Catocala obscura Catocala paleogama Catocala parta Catocala piatrix Catocala praeclara Catocala relicta Catocala retecta Catocala similis Catocala sordida Catocala subnata Catocala ultronia Catocala unijuga Ceramica picta Cerastis tenebrifera Cerma cora Chaetaglaea cerata Chaetaglaea sericea Chamyris cerintha Charadra deridens Chrysanympha formosa Chrysaspidia contexta Chrysaspidia putnami Chrysaspidia venusta
G(5) , P(3) . Aug Ib-bep 14.
P(l). Jul 31.
G(4), C(2}, P(70). May 31-Jul 25.
C(5). Aug 2-12.
C(12) , P(2) . May 29-Jun 29.
C(-) , P{6) . Jul 8-23.
G(-). One specimen at light: apr 2b, 1970.
P(l). Jul 23.
G(32), C(15), P(17). May 24-Jul 7; Jul 26- Oct 22.
C(23), P(123). May 19-Jul 23.
C(3), P(21). May 31-Jun 12; Jul 13-29.
G(l), C(29), P(220). May 4-Jun 30.
G(30), C(7), P(185). May 20-Aug 8.
G(30), C(9), P(16). May 31-Jun 17; Jul 22- Aug 24.
G(l), C(5), P(14). Jun 1-Jul 9; Jul 31-Aug 13. G(9), C(18), P(137). Jun 11-Aug 13.
P(l). Aug 21.
G(3), C(10), P(54). May 21-Jul lb; Jul 25- Sep 12.
C(18), P(331). May 19-Jul 23; Jul 27-Sep 19. 0(2) . Jul 14; Aug 22.
C(73) , P(289) . May 15-Aug 25.
C(l) , P(l) . Jun 2; Jul 15.
C(9), P(ll). May 29-Jul 19; Aug 9.
C(4), P(7). May 21-Jun 26; Jul 27-Aug 20.
C(35), P(703). May 21-aug 25.
C(5). Jun 15-Jul 9; Jul 31.
G(598) C(llO) , P(43). May 10-Jun 26; Jul 13- Sep 19.
G(460), C(27), P(25). May 2-Jun 24; Jul 16- Oct 20.
C{1). Jul 19.
C(3), P(ll). Jun 20-Jul 25; Sep 4.
G(5), C(l), P(ll). May 24-Jul 8; Jul 21-Sep 6. G(11), C(5), P(7). Aug 28-Oct 9.
C(-). One specimen at light: Aug 10, 1967.
C(-), P(2). Jul 22-30. Once at C: Aug 9, 1967. C(l), P(7). Jul 13-Aug 24.
C(-), P(2). Sep 15-24. One specimen at light at C: Aug 14, 1967. Four specimens collected at bait at P; Aug 12-31, 1971.
C(16), P(46). Aug 5-Sep 23.
G(l), C(-). Aug 5. One specimen at light at C: Jul 24, 1967. Also collected at Westbrook, Aug 11, 1963.
G(2) , C(5) , P(15) . Jul 20-Aug 20.
C(-), P(7). Jul 23-Aug 17. Larvae collected on Myrica gale in sphagnum bog at P.
GTgT7~GTbTT P(21). Aug 10-Sep 28.
G(6), C(5), P(6). Jul 14-Aug 14.
C(4), P(142). Jul 16-Aug 25.
C(l) . Jul 20.
G(lb), C(88), P(378). Aug 15-Oct 27.
C(15) , P(70). Jul 13-Sep 23.
C{-). One specimen at light: Sep 6, 1967; also one male at light at iunherstview: Aug 10, 1972.
P(-). One female at bait: Aug 9, 1971.
G(2), C(30), P(102). Aug 8-Oct 21.
G(l), C(l), P(65). Aug lO-Oct 1.
C(10), P(47). Jul 30-Sep 15- G(4), C(l), P{2). Aug 7-Oct 2.
G(2), C(l), P(9). AUg 8-Sep 30.
P ( 1 ) . Aug 7 .
G(l), C(4), P(30). Jul 31-Oct 22.
G(4), C(2b), P(141). Aug 14-Oct 25.
C(4), P(35). Jul 15-Aug 25.
C(l), P(10). Jul 13-Aug 14.
C(19), P(58). Aug 7-Oct 9.
G(3), C(9), P(7). Jul 10-Aug 26.
G(l), C{3), P(18). Jul 23-Oct 9.
G(2). Jun 14; Aug 17.
G(-), C(10), P(219). Apr 19-May 28.
C(-), P(12). May 30- Jun 18.
G(3). Oct 2-13.
G(l) P(6) . Sep 20-0ct 22.
G(10), C{3), P(10). Jun 15-Jul 28.
G(4), C(74), P(71). May 21-Aug 12.
C(l)- P(9). Jul 2-28.
G(51), C(2), P(4}. Jun 3-Jul 4; Aug 9-Oct 9. C(2), P(13). Jun 10-Jul 28; Aug 16-Sep 11.
G(l), C{1). Aug 5; Sep 15.
34
WARD, ET AL
/. Res. Lepid.
Chytolita morbidalis Chytonix palliatricula
Chytonix sensilis Colocasia flavicornis Colocasia propinquilinea Conservula anodonta Copivaleria grotei Cosmia calami Crocigrapha normani Crymodes devastator Cryphia villificans Cryptocala acadiensis
Cucullia asteroides Cucullia convexipennis Cucullia intermedia Cucullia postera Diarsia jucunda Diarsia rubifera Dipterygia scabriuscula
Dyspyralis illocata
Dyspyralis nigellus
Elaphria festivoides Elaphria versicolor Enargia decolor Enargia infumata Enargia mephisto Eosphoropteryx thyatyroides
Epiglaea apiata Epiglaea decliva
Epizeuxis aemula Epizeuxis americalis Epizeuxis concisa Epizeuxis diminuendis Epizeuxis forbesi Epizeuxis Julia Epizeuxis lubricalis Epizeuxis rotundalis Epizeuxis scobialis Erastria albidula Erastria bellicula
Erastria carneola
Erastria concinnimacula Erastria muscosula Erastria synochitis Erebus odora
Euagrotis forbesi Euagrotis illapsa Eucirrhoedia pampina Euclidia cuspidea Eueretagrotis perattenta Eueretagrotis sigmoides Euherrichia monetifera Euparthenos nubilis Euplexia benesimilis Eupsilia morrisoni
Eupsilia sidus Eupsilia tristigmata Eupsilia vinulenta Eurois occulta Euthisanotia grata Euthisanotia unio Eutolype electilis
Eutolype rolandi
C(27), P(87). May 31-Jul 23.
G(l), C(5b), H(302). May 19“Aug I4. Frequency of f. iaspis at P was 1/101 or 1.0^ (1970) and 4/201 or 2.QP/0 (1971).
C(2), P(28). Jul 25-Aug 22,
0(2), C(107), P(341). May 1-Jun 18-; Jul 29.
G(b), C(45), P(37). May 4-Jun 23.
P(6). Jul 13-2b.
G(l), C(2), P(35). Apr 12-May 29.
G(l), C(25), P(7). Jul 14-Aug 4.
G(13), C(80), P(812). Apr 29-Jun 13.
G(423), C(7), P(7). Jul 3-Sep 20.
P(17). Jun 22-Jul 28.
C(-), P(l). Jul 29. One specimen at light at C: Aug 2, 19b8.
G(b). Jul 10-27.
C(l), P(5). Jun 2b; Jul 23-Aug 19.
G(87) , C(24) , P(27) . May o-Jun 29; Jul 4-Sep 11. P(2) , Jun 2b- Jul 7.
P(l). Jul 18.
P(4). Aug 10-2b.
P(l). Jul 20. One specimen at bait; Aug 13,
1971.
P(4). Jul 31-Aug 2b. Collected more commonly at bait at P, especially at dusk, Aug 10-29,
1971.
P(4). Jul 11-Aug 1. Also collected at bait at P. Lake Opinicon, one specimen resting among leaf litter: Jul 15, 1973.
C(b8), P(991). May 14-Jul 22.
C(l) , P(4) . May 25-Jun 15.
C(13), P(8). Aug 5-Sep 23.
C(l). Jul 7.
C(l). Jul 19.
G(l), C(-), P(2). Aug 2-Sep 5, One specimen at light at C: Sep 17, 1972.
P(l). Oct 2.
0(3), C(-). Nov 2-3. One specimen at light at C: Nov 8, 1969.
G(30), C(521), P(2087). Jun 8-Oct 14 .
G(10), C(lb8), P(229). Jun 9-Oct 14.
C ( 1 ) . Aug 3 .
C(3), P(60). Jul b-Aug 12.
C(7), P(24). Jul 11-Aug 9.
C(l), P(5b). Jul 19-Aug 29.
G(4), C(b), P(lOb). Jul 10-Sep 3.
G(l), C(162), P(1900). Jul 3-Sep I4.
C(5), P(15). Jul 13-Aug 20.
G(81), C(51), P(120). Jun 18-Aug I4.
G(2), C(-), P(3). Jun 27-Jul 2. "One specimen flushed in a willow field at C: Jul 10, 19b9. A common diurnal species in sphagnum bogs at P, Bedford Mills, Harrowsmith, and Westport. May 25- Jul 3.
G(b2), C(6b), P(107). May 24-Jul 15; Jul 16- Sep 19.
G(l), P(l). Jun 13-19.
G(4), 0(99), P(170). Jun 13-Aug 29.
G(43), C(55), P(35). May 31-Aug 4.
Kingston, two specimens: Sep 23, 1958; Sep, 1961. Stray from south.
C(5), P(89). Jun 28-Aug 10.
G(l8), C(3), P(20). Jun 9-Jul 4; Aug 8-Sep 7. C(l) , P(18) . Sep 2-Oct 16.
G(7), C(9), P(ll). May 28-Jul 17; Aug 18.
P(2). Jul 9-15.
P(7). Jul 6-27.
C(9) , P(89) . May 30-Aug 12.
C(-). One specimen at light: Jul 9» 1973.
C(l), P(14). Jun 3-Jul 4; Jul 28-Aug 22.
G(4), C(l), P(46). Oct 6-30; Apr 8-May 18. Overwinters as an adult, and like the other congeners, appears to be commoner in the spring, C(2) P(79). Oct 14-30; Apr 12-May 18.
P(17). Oct 27; Apr 12-May I5.
C(l), P(23). Oct 8; Apr 12-May 9.
G(2), C(2), P(16). Jun 10-13; Aug 10-Sep 15. G(l), C(2), P(3). Jul 8-30; Sep 9.
G(3), C(2), P(6). Jun 10; Jul 5-Aug 26.
G(-), C(5), P(ll). Apr 19-May 19, All form depilis . Typical form at Frankford: May I5,
1972.
Wooler, four specimens at light: May 8, 1972.
13(1):23^42, 1974 ONTARIO MACROHETEROCERA
35
|
Euxoa |
albipennis |
G{1). |
Sep 6. P(6). Sep 20~0ct 2. |
|
|
Euxoa |
bostoniensis |
G(l), |
||
|
Euxoa |
detersa |
G(l), |
C{1). Sep 4-7. |
|
|
Euxoa |
divergens |
P(l}. |
Jul 27. |
|
|
Euxoa |
messoria |
G(2), |
P{3). Aug 19-Sep 15. |
|
|
Euxoa |
obeliscoides |
G(5), |
C{3) , P(18) . Jul 28-Sep |
2. |
|
Euxoa |
perpolita |
G(l). |
Sep 5. |
|
|
Euxoa |
redimicula |
G(6), |
C(l) , P(32) . Jul 22-Sep |
4. |
|
Euxoa |
scandens |
G{2), |
P(l). Jun 29“ Jul 10. |
|
|
Euxoa |
scholatica |
C(4), |
P(10). Jul 8-Aug 15. |
|
|
Euxoa |
servita |
C(-). |
One specimen at light: Jul |
|
|
Euxoa |
tesselata |
G{3), |
C(10), P(8). Jul 10-Sep |
7. |
|
Euxoa |
velleripennis |
G(3), |
P(l). Aug,29-Sep 2. |
|
|
Euxoa |
sp. prob Ontario |
P(2). |
Aug 30“Sep 3. |
|
|
Euxoa |
sp. |
P(3). |
Aug 9-13. |
|
|
Euxoa |
sp. |
G(l). |
Jul 16. |
|
|
Exyra |
rolandiana |
P(-). |
Amherstview, Harrowsmith, ] |
Faronta diffusa Feltia ducens Feltia geniculata Feltia herilis Feltia subgothica Feralia comstocki Feralia jocosa
Feralia major Fishea enthea Galgula partita
Westport and Portland. Larvae collected in Sarracenia purpurea leaves, Feb 15“Jun 30, and Jul 24-Oct 20. Overwinters in third instar. G(33), C(2), P(25). May 31-Jul 10; Jul IJ-Sep 5. G(196), C(20), P{18). Jul 25-Sep 21.
G(l), C(3), P(93). Aug 7-Sep 7.
G(2), C{1), P(8). Jul 20-Aug 26.
G(61), C(14), P(20). Jul lO-^Sep 12.
C(2), P(l). May 3-28.
C(~)s P{2), May 11-16, Two specimens at light at C: May 1, 1970.
G(l), C{-)j P(9). May 2-15.
C(-), P(23). Sep 17-Oct 15.
G(15), C(9), P(15)« Jun 2-Oct 26. Commonest in
Graphiphora haruspica Haploolophus mollissima Harrisimerana trisignata Kelicoverpa zea Heliothis phloxiphaga Helotropha reniformis Hemipachnobia monochromatea
Heptagrotis phyllophora Homoglaea hircina Homohadena badistriga Homohadena infixa Homorthodes furfurata Hormisa absorptalis Hormisa bivittata Hormisa litophora Hormisa orciferalis Hydroecia micacea Hypena humuli
Hypenodes fractilinea Hypenodes palustris
Hypocoena inquinata Hyppa xylinoides
Lacinipolia anguina Lacinipolia implicata Lacinipolia lorea
Lacinipolia raeditata Lacinipolia renigera
Lacinipolia vicina Lascoria ambigualis Lemmeria digitalis
Leucania commoides, Leucania inermis Leucania insueta Leucania phragraatidicola
Leucania pseudargyria Leuconycta diphteroides
late summer and fall.
G(3), P(8). Jul 23-iiUg 12.
G(l), C(4), P(33). Jun 10-Aug 1.
C(-) , P(13) . Jun 11-Aug 2.
G(4), C(6), P(20). Sep 4-Oct 16.
G(4), P(l). Jun 17: Jul 31~Aug 16.
G(2) , C(l) , P{2). Aug 17-Sep 5- P(l). Jun 25. Common at light in sphagnum bogs at P, Bedford Mills, and Westport, Jun 10-Jul 7. C(l), P(ll), Jul 6-31.
G(~), C(l), P(17). Apr 12-May 11.
G{3), C(8), P{44). Jul 3-Aug 9.
C(2), P(l). Jul 6-18.
C(7), P{15). Jul 4-Aug 7.
G(7), C(-), P(2). Jul 5-Aug 15,
G(7), C(l), P(l). Jul 14-Aug 14.
C(l). Jul 29.
G{17), C{5), P(4). Jul 6-Sep 18,
G (1 ) . Aug 18.
G(15), C(3), P(12). May 4-Jul 2; Aug 2-Sep 7. Overwinters as an adult; appears commonest in the spring. Two adults found hibernating in limestone cave near Belleville, Sep 11, 1970, C(-), P(48). Jun 7~Jul 8; Jul 28-Sep 4,
A small dark form, probably this species, is common in sphagnum bogs at P, Harrowsmith, Bed- ford Mills, and Westport, Jun 21- Jul 8, and Aug 15-Sep 9, at light and easily disturbed in the daytime,
P(l), Aug 3,
G(42), C(60), P(99). May 14-Jun 29; Jul 14- Sep 16.
G(l). C(30), P(166). May 10-Jun 24.
C(23), P(457). Aug 9-Sep I5,
G{3), C(~). Jul One specimen at light at
C: Jun 15, 1967.
G{42), C(8), P(27). Aug 7-Sep 5.
G(155l, C{23), P(32). Jun l6-0ct 13. Several overlapping generations.
G{27), C(13), P(27). Jul 8-iiug 9.
P{5). Jun 6-18; Aug 18-Sep 2.
C(l), P(5). Sep 20-0ct 2. One specimen at light at Cranberry Lake: Oct 12, I969,
G(143), C(68), P(138). Jun 18-Aug 25.
C(22), P(41). Jun 1-Aug 7.
G(24). C(7}, P{92). Jun 16-Aug I4,
G(324), C(35), P{34). Jun 1-Jul I5: Aug 12- Oct 13 .
G(13), C{28), P{3). Jul 7-Aug b.
G(6), C(ll), P(ll), Jun 2-Jul 28.
/. Res. Lepid.
36
Leuconycta lepidula Lithomoia solidaginis Lithophane amanda Lithophane antennata
Lithophane baileya Lithophane bethunei Lithophane disposita Lithophane fagina Lithophane grotei Lithophane hemina
Lithophane innominata Lithophane laticinerea Lithophane oriunda Lithophane patefacta Lithophane pexata Lithophane querquera Lithophane semiusta Lithophane tepida Lithophane unimoda Lithophane sp. Lomonaltes eductalis Luperina passer Macronoctua onusta Magusa orbifera Marathyssa basalis Marathyssa inficita Metalectra discalis
Metalectra quadrisignata Metalepsis fishii Metalepsis salicarum Metaxaglaea inulta Mocis texana Morrisonia confusa Morrisonia distincta Morrisonia evicta Nedra ramosula
Neoerastria apicosa Neoerastria caduca Neperigea costa
Nephelodes emmedonia Ochropleura plecta
Ogdoconta cinereola Oligia chlorostigma Oligia exhausta
Oligia fractilinea Oligia illocata Oligia mactata
Oligia minuscula
Oligia modica Oligia semicana Oncocnemis saundersiana Oncocnemis viriditincta Orthodes crenulata Orthodes cynica Orthosia alurina Orthosia hibisci Orthosia revicta Orthosia rubescens Palthis angulalis
Pangrapta decoralis Panopoda carneicosta Panopoda rufimargo Panthea pallescens
WARD, ET AL
0(2), P(7). Jun 7-Jul 10; Aug 13.
0(1), 0(1), P(3). Sep 8-23.
P(l). Apr 20.
0(1), 0(3), P(10). Sep 21-Oct 13; Apr 30-May 22. Adults of this species overwinter and, like other members of the genus, are more prevalent in the spring months.
C(-), P(33). Sep 13-30; Apr 12-May 18.
0(1), P(3). Apr 8-May 19.
P(2). Apr 27-May 27.
0(3), P(33). Sep 22-Oct 13; Apr 12-May 17.
0(7), 0(2), P(24). Oct 1-11; Apr 12-May 19.
0(5), P(31). Oct 21; Apr 19-Jun 5. Frequency of f. lignicosta at P was 20/31 or 83.9%.
P(l) . May 2.
0(5), 0(1), P(16). Oct 21; Apr 8-May 21.
0(1). Apr 8.
P(l). May 11.
P(14). Apr 23-May 25.
P(l). May 11.
0(2), P(8). Apr 27-May 23.
P(l). Apr 23.
0(0), O(-), P(A). Oct 10; May 3-15.
0(1) . Apr 8.
0(2) , P(2) . Jun 27; Aug 2-13.
0(o). Jun 14-Jul 1/+.
0(3) , P(4) . Sep 7-Oct 7.
P(137). Sep O-Oct 10. Migrant from the south. 0(1), 0(37), P(55). May 8-Jun 18.
0(5), 0(00), P(170). May 30-Aug 29.
O(-), P(3). Jul 29-Aug 10. One specimen at light at 0: Jul 20, 1968; another at bait: Jul 15, 1969.
0(1), 0(1), P(ll). Jun 10-Aug 7.
P(0). May 11-21.
O(-), 0(1), P(13). Apr 30-May 18.
0(1) , P(2) . Sep I7-2I0
P(l). Sep 13. Stray from the south.
0(55) , P(133) . May 1-Jun 12.
O(-), 0(033), P(363), May 1-Jun 7.
0(3), 0(8), P(80). May 1-29.
0(22), 0(120), P(200). May 0-Jun 27; Jul 3- Sep 22.
0(1). Jun 10.
0(3), P(0). Jun 1-18; Jul 17-31.
O(-), P(13). Jun 27-Aug 2. One specimen at light at 0: Jun 28 1972.
0(83), 0(05), P(91). Aug 19-Sep 30.
0(80), 0(02), P(136). May 21-Jul 15; Jul 25- Sep 18.
0(00), 0(0), P(22). Jun 10-Jul 31; Aug 3-Sep 16. P(l) . Jul 23 .
0(2), P(l). Jul 20-Aug 9. One specimen at light at Amherstview: Aug 2, 1972.
0(lb), P(l). Jul 20-Aug 22.
P(10). Sep 15-29.
0(1), P(7). Sep 15-Oct 1. Larva collected on flower of Oypripedium calceolus (Jun 2, 1973 at P), and reared on C. acaule ; pupated Jun 23, one male emerged Sep 12.
P(25). Aug 15-Sep 15. Also collected in sphag- num bogs at P, Bedford Mills, and Westport, Jul 29-Sep 6, mostly at light. Form grahami rare at P, common at Westport.
0(21), 0(1), P(6). Jul 23-Sep 26.
P(6). Jun 28-Jul 26.
0(1), 0(1). Aug 30-Sep 0.
0(1). Sep 5.
0(3), 0(1), P(72). Jun 25-Sep 5.
0(1), 0(5), P(8o). May 18-Jul 11.
0(1). May 1.
0(38), 0(41), P(107). Apr 12-Jun 10.
0(5), 0(16), P(124). Apr 20-May 31.
0(1) 0(21) P(173). Apr 19-May 24.
0(12), 0(64), P(171). May 21-Jul 6; Jul 20- Sep 15.
P(47). Jun 10-Aug 28.
0(2) 0(31), P(87). Jun 20-Aug 19.
0(46) P(89). Jun 9-Aug 13.
0(126), P(422). May 18-Jul 1; Jul 5-Aug 28. Apparently two generations, the second much more prevalent .
13(1):23^42, 1974 ONTARIO MACROHETEROCERA
37
Papaipema appassionata P(3). Aug 2b-Sep 8, Also collected at light,
or as larvae in the roots of Sarracenia pur- purea . in sphagnum bogs at P, Marlbank, Amherst- view, Bedford Mills, Westport and Portland. Larvae: Jun 30-Jul 18; adults: Aug 25-Sep 6.
Papaipema
Papaipema
Papaipema
Papaipema
Papaipema
Papaipema
Papaipema
Papaipema
Papaipema
Papaipema
Papaipema
Papaipema
cataphracta
eupatorii
furcata
impecuniosa
inquaesita
lysimachiae
marginidens
nebris
nepheleptena
pterisii
purpurifascia
speciosissima
Papaipema unimoda Paradiarsia littoralis Parallelia bistriaris Parastichtis discivaria Peridroma saucia Phalaenostola larentioides Philometra eumelusalis Philometra hanharai Philometra metonalis Phlogophora iris Phlogophora periculosa
Phoberia atomaris Plathypena scabra
|
Platyperigea meralis |
P(21) |
. Aug : |
|
Platyperigea multifera |
0(4), |
P(56). |
|
Platypolia anceps |
P(3). |
Oct 1' |
|
Platysenta vecors |
0(1), |
P(19). |
|
Platysenta videns |
0(19) |
, 0(7), |
|
Plusia aerea |
0(3), |
0(2), . |
|
Plusia aeroides |
0(1) , |
0(1), : |
|
Plusia balluca |
C(-), |
P(i). |
Plusiodonta compressipalpus Polia adjuncta
G(3). Oct 2-7.
P(2). Sep 27-30.
C(l) , P(A). Sep 6-27.
0(4). Oct 2-6.
P(5). Sep 15-Oct 9.
P(l). Sep 11.
0(1) . Oct 11.
0(1). Sep 5.
0(1), P(l). Sep 14-23.
0(5), P(4). Aug 22-Sep 28.
0(1), 0(7), P(12). Aug 26-Oct 25.
P(25). Sep 9-Oct 9. Frequency of f. regalis was 6/25 or 24.0^.
C(-). One specimen at light: Sep 10, 1968.
0(7) . Jun 17-Jul 3.
0(1), P(33). Jun 1-Sep 7.
0(1), P(2). Aug 7-12.
0(11) , 0(5) , P(65) . Jun 23; Jul 28-Oct 27. 0(6), 0(7), P(3). Jul 10-31; Sep 3-13.
P(l). Jul 28.
0(1), Jul 17.
P(l) . Aug 9.
0(13), 0(16), P(30). May 25-Jul 25.
0(4), P(23). Aug 15-Sep 13. Frequency of f. v-brunneum at P was 8/23 or 34.8%.
OTI), 0(34) , F(284). Apr 29-May 22.
0(98), 0(15), P(12). Jun 5; Jul 10-Nov 3. Commonest in late summer and fall.
17-Sep 4.
Aug 15-Sep 15.
-14.
May 25-Jun 24; Aug 1-19.
P(22). Jun 2-30; Jul 28-Sep 4. P(10). Jun 9-Jul 15: Aug 27-Oct 2. P(3). Jun 26- Jul 28,
Jul 23. One specimen at light at C”. Jul 23, 1967. Also collected once at King- ston: Jul 24, 1963.
0(1). Jul 16.
0(l6l), 0(63), P(83). May 12-Jul 13; Jul 24-
Polia assimilis Polia atlantica Polia detracta Polia grandis Polia imbrifera Polia latex Polia legitima Polia lilacina Polia lutra Polia nimbosa Polia obscura Polia purpissata Polia rugosa
Polia segregata Polia subjuncta Prodenia ornithogalli
Protagrotis niveivenosa Protocryphia secta Protolampra brunneicollis Protorthodes curtica Protorthodes oviduca Proxenus miranda
Psaphida resumens Psectraglaea carnosa Pseudaletia unipuncta
Pseudeva purpurigera Pseudoplusia includens Pyreferra citromba Pyreferra pettiti Pyrrhia umbra Raphia frater
Sep 7.
0(2), P(8). Jun 28-Aug 1.
0(47), P(3). Jun 2-Jul 5; Aug 8-Sep 4.
0(11), P(63). Jun 15-Jul 29.
0(1), 0(1), P(16). May 30-Jul 10.
P(l). Jul 30.
0(9), P(77). May 15-Jul 8.
0(25), 0(6), P(ll). Jun ll~Aug 5.
0(9), C(-), P(l). Jun 22-Jul 24.
0(1), 0(2), P(46). Jun 1-Jul 15.
0(2), P(5). Jul 15-28.
0(4), P(36). May 19-Jun 28.
0(1), 0(2), P(14). Aug 7-27.
P(“). One male at light in sphagnum bog at P: Jun 21, 1973.
0(2), P(26). Apr 12-May 19.
0(37), 0(2), P(16). Jun 7-Sep I4.
0(2), C(-). Sep 7-Oct 11. One specimen at light at 0: Nov 1, 1969; another at bait:
Oct 12, 1970.
0(10), P(l). Aug 2-19.
C(-), P(78). Jun 9-Aug 5.
0(4), 0(1). Jul 3-13; Aug 18-26.
0(1). Jul 15.
0(15), 0(26), P(30). May 23-Jul 12.
0(67), 0(7), P(28). May 28-Jul 1; Jul 29- Sep 4.
0(3), P(39). Apr 12-May 18.
P(3). Sep 17-27.
0(649), 0(137), P(67). May 8-Nov 4. Several overlapping generations.
0(10), 0(6), P(ll). Jul 7-Sep 5.
0(8), 0(4), P(19). Sep 6-Oct 9.
C(l), P(6). Apr 12-May 18.
0(7), P(43). Apr 12-May 29.
0(1), P(l). Jun 20-Jul 17.
0(7), 0(224), P(1135). May 14-Aug 23.
38
WARD, ET AL
J. Res. Lepid.
Renia factiosalis Renia f lavipunctalis Renia sobrialis Rhynchagrotis anchocelioides Rhynchagrotis brunneipennis Rhynchagrotis cupida Rivula propinqualis
Schinia florida
Schinia marginata Schinia trifascia Scoliopteryx libatrix
Scotogramma trifolii Senta defecta Sideridis maryx Sideridis rosea Simyra henrici Spaelotis clandestina Spargaloma perditalis Spargaloma sexpunctata Spodoptera exigua Spodoptera frugiperda Sunira bicolorago Syngrapha alias Syngrapha altera Syngrapha epigaea
Syngrapha rectangula Syngrapha selecta Tarache terminimaculata Tarachidia candefacta Tarachidia erastrioides
Trachea delicata Tricholita signata
Trichoplusia ni Trichoplusia oxygramma Ufeus satyricus Ulolonche culea Ulolonche raodesta Xanthia flavago Xylena cineritia Xylena curvimacula
Xylena nupera
Xylomiges alternans Xylomiges dolosa Xylomoia chagnoni Zale aeruginosa Zale cingulifera Zale duplicate Zale galbanata Zale helata Zale horrida Zale lunata
Zale minerea Zale obliqua Zale phaeocapna Zale unilineata Zanclognatha cruralis Zanclognatha jacchusalis Zanclognatha laevigata Zanclognatha lituralis Zanclognatha ochreipennis Zanclognatha protumnusalis Zenobia pleonectusa
NOLIDAE
Celama cilicoides
Nola ovilla Sarbena minuscula
C(10), P(255). Jul 23-Sep 4.
G(7), 0(144), P(823). Jul 10-Sep 15.
P(l). Aug 2.
P(l) . Aug 14.
P(6). Jul 24-Sep 12.
0(2) , P(6) . Jul 30-Sep 28.
0(9b), 0(17), P(2y). Jun 11-Jul 25; Aug 6- Sep 15.
0(2), P(l). Jul 21-29. Adults common in flowers of Oenothera, the larval foodplant.
0(1) , 0(2) , P(3) . Jul 27-Aug 14.
0(1), 0(2), P(l). Jul 17-Aug 13.
0(3), 0(1), P(2). Sep 1-7; May 1-16. Adults found hibernating in caves at P, Lake Opinicon, and Westport, Aug 30-Oct 25.
0(10), 0(2). Jun 10-Sep 6.
P(l). Jul 24.
P(l) . Jun 20.
0(21), 0(3), P(86). May 23-Jul 5.
G(53), 0(4), P(9). May 16-Jun 21; Jul 24-Sep 5. 0(42), C(-), P(9). Jun 20-Jul 24; Aug 6-Oct 3. 0(6), P(14). May 30-Jul 13; Aug 3.
0(1), 0(34), P(96). May 30-Sep 2.
0(1). Oct 2.
0(131), 0(5), P(62). Aug 17-Oct 24.
0(50), 0(30), P(113). Sep 14-Nov 2.
0(1) . Jul 20.
P(12) . Aug 10-Sep 3 .
0(1), P(-), 0(1). Aug 14-Sep 5. Reared from larvae on Myrica gale in bogs at P and Portland. 0(1), P(l). Jul P(3). Aug 13-31.
0(2), P (2). Jun 29- Jul 10; Aug 13.
0(83), 0(2), P(17). Jun 1-Jul 3; Jul 15-Aug 31. 0(88), 0(4), P(24). Jun 1-Sep 16. Probably two overlapping generations.
P(l). Jul 22o
0(2), P(l). Jul 28-AUg 14. One specimen at bait at 0: Jul 19, 1969.
0(24), C(-). Aug 16-Oct 11.
P(l). Sep 11.
0(1), 0(3), P(5). Sep 9-Nov 4.
0(5), 0(30), P(180). May 18-Jul 2.
0(1), 0(6), P(60). May 14- Jun 17.
0(1), C(-), P(7). Sep 17-Oct 11.
0(5) , P(2) . Apr 8-May 15.
0(6), 0(4), P(49). Oct 11; Apr 12-May 26.
Adult overwinters.
0(2), C(-), P(l). Apr 30-May 4. One specimen at bait at 0: Sep 21, 1969.
Pa5) . May 8-30.
O(-) , 0(16) , P(26) . May 1-30.
0(1) , P(5) . Jun 29-Jul 28.
P(8). May 30-Jul 7.
0(7), P(19). May 3-30.
0(11), P(41). May 6- Jun 6.
0(6), 0(4), P(l). May 16-Jun 22; Jul 25.
0(1), 0(38), P(16). May 19-Jun 29.
0(1), 0(2), P(5K Jun 7-Jul 15.
0(1), O(-), P(l). Aug 4; Oct 11. One specimen at light at 0; Nov 2, 1969; another at bait:
Oct 24, 1970.
0(1), 0(168), P(152). May 1-Jun 30.
0(2). May 8- Jun 1 .
0(31) , P(42) . May 1-Jun 7.
0(4), P(3). May 11-Jun 11.
0(11), P(10). Jun 13-Jul 9.
0(4), P(4). Jul 12-Sep 9.
0(16), P(llO). Jul 11-Aug 25.
0(2) , P(21) . Jun 23-Aug 2.
0(5), 0(125), P(887). Jul 10-Sep 14.
0(4), 0(18), P(22). Jul 2-Sep 2.
0(1), 0(5), P(3). Jul 16-Sep 11.
0(1), O(-). Aug 5. Two specimens at light at 0: Jul 6-10, 1970 (ROM).
0(3). May 12-25.
0(3), 0(9), P(67). Jun 12-Aug 3. Possibly more than one species involved.
l3(l):23-42, 1974 ONTARIO MACROHETEROCERA
39
NOTODONTIUAE
Cerura borealis Cerura cinerea
Cerura modesta Cerura multiscripta
Cerura occidentalis Clostera albosigma
Clostera apicalis
Clostera strigosa Dasylophia thyatiroides Datana angusi Datana contracta Datana integerrima
Datana ministra Datana perspicua Ellida caniplaga Gluphisia avimacula Gluphisia lintneri Gluphisia septentrionis
Heterocampa bilineata
Heterocampa biundata Heterocampa guttivitta
Heterocampa manteo Heterocampa obliqua Heterocampa umbrata Hyperaeschra georgica Macrurocampa marthesia Nadata gibbosa Nerice bidentata Notodonta simplaria
Notodonta stragula
Odontosia elegans
Oligocentria lignicolor Peridea angulosa
Peridea basitriens Peridea ferruginosa
Phaeosia rimosa
Schizura apicalis Schizura badia Schizura concinna Schizura ipomeae Schizura leptinoides
Schizura semirufescens Schizura unicornis Symmerista albifrons Symmerista canicosta Symmerista leucitys
SATURNIIDAE
Actias luna Antheraea polyphemus Automeris io Callosamia promethea
Hyalophora cecropia
SPHINGIDAE Amphion nessus
C(3), P(33). May 31-Jun 15} Jul 1-Aug 13.
G(3), C(49), P(128). May 25-Jul 25; Jul 23-
Aug 25.
G(5), c(13), p(43). May 6-Jun 7; Jul 15-Aug 15. C(2), P(2). May 30-Jun 19. All females, males apparently diurnal. Reared from larvae collected on Populus grandidentata ,
G(5TTcTr7)7 P (30). May 8-Jul 1; Jul 11-Aug 20. G(3), C(191J, P(254). May 3~Jun 25; Jun 22- Aug 23.
G(3), C(20), P(19). May 16-Jun 19; Jul 27- Aug 20.
C(2), P(4). May 30-Jun 22.
G(4), P(5). May 23-Jun 18; mg 5-16.
C(23), P(39). Jun 14-Aug 1.
G(9), C(5), P(38). Jun 7-Jul 31.
C(l). Jul 18. More common in previous years at C; Jun 13-Aug 10.
G(7), C(26), P(lOl). Jun 2-Aug 2.
G(ll), C(l), P(13). Jul 7-Aug 13.
G(7), C(218), P(120). May 1-Jul 25; Oct 2.
C(35j, P(106). May 2- Jun 11.
G(3), C(-), P(7). Apr 23-May 11.
G(21), C(209), P(535). May 8- Jul 5; Jul 3- Aug 26.
G(21), 0(12), P(23). Jun 2-Jul lo; Jul 23- Aug 26; Sep 27.
C(20), P(28). Jun 8-Jul 31.
G(2), C(522), P(484). May 5- Jul 21; Aug 20;
Sep 10.
C(-). One specimen at light: Jul 23, 1968.
C(17), P(65). Jun 2-Aug 8.
C(49), P(89). May 31-Jul 28.
G(l), C(18), P(51). May 14-Jul 14; Aug 10.
G(8), C(106), P(386). Jun 19-Aug 25.
G(2), C(215), P(586). May 21-Aug 22.
G(26), C(62), P(104). May 14-Aug 22.
G(2) , C(5) , P(5) . May 16-Jun 13; Jul 16- Aug 12.
G(9), C(20), P(60). May 31-Jul 10; Jul 18- Aug 17.
G{2), C(38), P(46). May 21-Jul 11; Jul 15- Aug 25.
C{24), P(244). Jun 13-Aug 16; Sep 3.
G(12), C(169), P(543). May 31-Jul 5; Jul 3- Aug 31.
C(8), P(38). Jun 13-18; Jul 10-Aug 2.
G(2), C(165), P(202). May 29- Jun 28; Jun 29- Aug 24.
G(4), C(113), P(195). May 8-Jul 18; Jul 16- Sep 15.
C(-), P(9). Jun 1-10; Jul 13-26.
C(5), P(38). Jun 11-Aug 9.
G(l), C(2), P(5). Jul 23-Aug 12.
G(4), C(29), P(51). Jun 19-Aug 7.
G(4), C(512), P(1610). May 21-Sep 14. Probab- ly two or more overlapping generations.
G(5), C(41), P(117). Jun 12-Aug 16.
G(33), c(83), P(138). May 19-Aug 22.
C(4) . Jun 21-22.
C(26), P(66). Jun 8-Jul 23.
C(30), P(39). Jun 7-Jul 17.
G(l), C(142), P(750). May 14-Jul 30.
G(ll), C(19), P(89). Jun 2-Jul 28.
G(6), C(lOl), P(l68). May 30-Jul 4.
C(-), P(-). Several females at light in 1972 at C. Diurnal males attracted to caged, labor- atory-bred females at C .and P, Jun 10- Jul 8. Larvae reared on Prunus . Previously common in the city of Kingston, feeding on Syringa . G(2), C(19), P(36). May 29-Jun 20.
G(-), C(-), P(-). Diurnal, May 24-Jul 10, visiting flower blossoms (especially Syringa ) and carrion. Larvae collected on Vitis riparia .
/. Res. Lepid.
40
WARD, ET AL
Ceratomia amyntor Ceratomia undulosa
Cressonia juglandis
Darapsa myron
Darapsa pholus Darapsa versicolor Deidamia inscriptum Dolba hylaeus Eumorpha achemon Eumorpha pandorus
Hemaris diffinis
Hemaris thysbe
Hyles lineata Lapara bombycoides Manduca quinquemaculata Pachysphinx modesta Paonias excaecatus Paonias myops Smerinthus cerisyi Smerinthus jamaicensis
Sphecodina abbottii
Sphinx canadensis Sphinx chersis Sphinx drupiferarum Sphinx eremitus Sphinx gordius Sphinx kalraiae
THYATIRIDAE
G{11), C(27), P(b7). May 31-Aug 16,
G(6), C{176), P(1026). May 8-Sep 7. Bimodal flight period, with peaks in mid- June and mid- to late July.
G(l), C(41), P(144). May 14-Jun 19; Jun 29- Aug 1; Aug 26,
G(19), C(39), P(34). May 31-Aug 10. Larvae common on Vitis riparia ,
G(2), C(19T7^92K~tey 21-Aug 12.
C(l) , P(14) , Jun 28-Jul 29.
G(2), C(4), P(6). May 6-30.
P(5). Jun 17-Jul 14.
G(7), P(l), Jul 3-Aug 14,
C(l), P(7). Jul 10-Aug 14. One larva col- lected on Vitis riparia at Lake Opinicon; formerly common on Parthenocissus in Kingston. C(-), P(-). Common diurnal species, May 12- Jul 31, frequently visiting Syringa blossoms; observed ovipositing on Lonicera .
C(-), P(-). Diurnal, May 29-Jun 9, visiting mostly Syringa blossoms.
C{1), Aug 15.
G(3), C(265), P(664). May 31-Aug 10.
G(12), C(-). Jul 16-Aug 12,
C(27), P(48). May 31-Aug 15.
G(13), C(108), P(238). May 29-Aug 18.
G(31), C(00), P(140). May 24-Aug 17.
C(58), P(38), May 4-Jun 26; Jul 11; Jul 30. G(10), C(23), P{75). May 23-Aug 22. All f. norm, geminatus except for two typical .jamai- censis from P.
C(4), P (13 ) . May 6-Jun 19. Larvae collected on Vitis riparia .
G(2) , CTl) , P(^. Jun 12-Jul 29.
G(14), C(7), P(102). Jun 10-Aug 22.
G(37), C(4), P(3). May 31-Aug 5.
C(-). One male at light: Jul 8, 1974»
G(5), C(26), P(126). May 19-Jul 28; Aug 15. G(6), C(9), P(32). Jun 1-Aug 13.
Euthyatira pudens
Habrosyne scripta Pseudothyatira cymatophoroides Pseudothyatira expultrix
C(2), P(26), May 1-30. Includes tv/o indivi- duals of form pennsylvanica from P.
G(l), C(l), P(2T: Jul 13-28.
C(2), P(2), Jul 14-Aug 1.
C(2), P(l), Jun 22-Jul 28. Other records:
P, Aug 10, 1971 (at bait), Jun 21, 1973 (at light in bog); V/estport, Jun 29, 1973 (at light in bog).
ZANOLIDAE
Apatelodes angelica
C(26), P(272). Jun 8-Aug 11.
ONTARIO MACROHETEROCERA
41
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors wish to express their gratitude to the following persons for their assistance in the determination of some species: Dr. J. G. Franclemont, Cornell University (Noctuidae); Dr. D. F. Hardwick, Biosystematics Research Institute, Ottawa (Noc- tuidae); Dr. W. C. McGuflBn, Biosystematics Research Institute, Ottawa ( Geometridae ) , and J. C. E. Riotte, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto (Arctiidae. Lymantriidae ) .
REFERENCES
BESCHEL, R. E. et al. 1970. List of the vascular plants of the Kingston region. Queen’s University: Fowler Herbarium.
FERGUSON, D. C. 1954. A revision of the genus Hypenodes Doubleday with descriptions of new species ( Lepidoptera, Phalaenidae). Can. Ent. 86: 289-298.
FERGUSON, D. C. 1955. The Lepidoptera of Nova Scotia. I. Macrolepi- doptera. Bull. Nova Scotia Mus. of Sci. No. 2.
FERGUSON, D. C. 1972. Two new conifer-feeding species of the genus Semiothisa (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Can. Ent. 104: 563-565.
FORBES, W T. M. 1948. Lepidoptera of New York and neighbouring states. Part II. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. Memoir 274.
FORBES, W. T. M. 1954. Lepidoptera of New York and neighbouring states. Part III. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. Memoir 329.
FORBES, W. T. M. 1960. Lepidoptera of New York and neighbouring states. Part IV. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. Memoir 371.
HARMSEN, R., P. D. N. HEBERT & P. S. WARD. 1974. On the origin of austral elements in the moth fauna of south-eastern Ontario, including a number of species new for Canada. J. Res. Lepid. 12:127-134.
LA FRANCE, J. 1968. The nocturnal insect catches at predetermined time intervals in the organic soil district of Ste. Clotilde, southwestern Quebec. Ann. Ent. Soc. Quebec, 13: 32-54.
McDUNNOUGH, J. 1938. Checklist of the Lepidoptera of Canada and the United States of America, Part 1. Macrolepidoptera. Mem. S. Calif. Acad. Sci. Vol. I.
McDUNNOUGH, J. 1949. Revision of the North American species of the genus Eupithecia (Lepidoptera, Geometridae). Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 93(8): 533-728.
McFarland, N. 1965. The moths (Macroheterocera) of a chapparal plant association in the Santa Monica mountains of southern California. J. Res. Lepid., 4: 43-74.
42
WARD, ET AL
/. Res. Lepid.
McGUFFIN, W. C. 1967. Guide to the Geometridae of Canada (Lepi- doptera). I. Subfamily Sterrhinae. Mem. Ent. Soc. Canada, No. 50.
McGUFFIN, W. C. 1972. Guide to the Geometridae of Canada (Lepi- doptera). II. Subfamily Ennominae. 1. Mem. Ent. Soc. Canada, No. 86.
MOORE, S. 1955. An annotated list of the moths of Michigan, exclusive of Tineoidea ( Lepidoptera ) . Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool., Univ. Mich, No. 88.
PRESTON, F. W. 1948. The commonness and rarity of species. Ecology 29: 254-283.
QUILLIAM, H. R. 1973. History of the birds of Kingston, Ontario. Kingston; Kingston Field Naturalists.
RIOTTE, J, C. E. 1969. Fine neue Art der Gattung Anisota (Lep. Satur- niidae) in Nordamerika. Entomol. Zeitschr. 79(13): 141-146.
SNYDER, L. L., E. B. S. LOGIER, T. B. KURATA, F. A. URQUHART, & J. F. BRIMLEY. 1941. A faunal investigation of Prince Edward County, Ontario. Univ. of Toronto Studies, Biol. Series No. 48.
SOPER, J. H. 1962. Some genera of restricted range in the Carolinian flora of Ontario. Trans. Roy. Can. Inst. 34(1): 2-56.
WILLIAMS, C. B. 1964. Patterns in the balance of nature. London: Academic Press.
Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera
13(l):43-48, 1974
1160 W. Orange Grove Ave., Arcadia, California 91006, U.S.A. © Copyright 1975
A NEW SPECIES OF HYPAGYRTIS (GEOMETRIDAE)
ROGER L. HEITZMAN
3112 Harris Avenue, Independence, Missouri 64052^
ABSTRACT
A new species, Hypagyrtis brendae, is described from Arkansas, Ken- tucky and Missouri. This new species varies from all other known Hypa- gyrtis species in three characteristics: the coloration, the angular relation of the postmedial and medial lines to the inner margin and the postmedial line formation. The male and female types and the male genitalia are figured. The male and female types have been deposited in the United States National Museum.
INTRODUCTION
After several years of extensive investigation of the Hypa- gyrtis, it was revealed that there was an undescribed species occuring in scattered colonies throughout the Midwestern United States. This is supported by three outstanding characteristics: the coloration, the angular relation of the postmedial and medial lines to the inner margin and the postmedial line formation. The genitalia of this new species shows no satisfactory differences from the other members of the genus. The new species exists sympatrically with H. subatomaria (Wood) 1839. It is a multi- voltine species with two broods, the second brood being the least common. Its habitat is an acid soil, forest environment in Missouri and Arkansas. It has only been captured in North- western Arkansas, North Central Kentucky and Eastern Missouri.
Hypagyrtis brendae R. L. Heitzman, new species MALE: Head: Vertex and front heavily scaled with gray; eyes black; palpi short and gray, extending beyond front about one third diameter of eyes; antennal stalk gray with sprinkling of black scales, pectinations brown.
Thorax: Above, gray, patagia gray extending beyond base of hindwings; below, gray with fine hairs, legs, gray with scat- tered black scales.
Abdomen: Above, gray with scattered black scales; below, uniformly gray.
^Research Associate, Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville, Florida.
43
44
ROGER L. HEITZMAN
/. Res. Lepid.
3
Fig. 1. — Hypagyrtis hrendae, new species, holotype male, Washington State Park, Washington Co., Missouri, 5 June 1973 (J. R. Heitzman) X 1.75
Fig. 2.~~Hypagyrtis hrendae, new species, allotype female, Washington State Park, Washington Co., Missouri, 7 June 1973 (R. L. Heitzman) X 1.75
Fig. 3.- — Diagrammatic drawing of right forewing of typical Hypagyrtis spp.
Fig. 4.— Diagrammatic drawing of right forewing of Hypagyrtis hrendae.
13(l):43-48, 1974
NEW HYPAGYRTIS
45
Wings: Dorsal surface: Forewings, ground color gray with scattered black scales except where invaded by small and re- stricted areas of brown, brown in varying amounts occurs be- tween the subterminal and postmedial lines, along costal margin and basal area; fringe, alternating patches of dark and light scales on outer margin, long hairs on inner margin; subterminal line, white, rarely complete and with white subterminal spot in cell Rg; postmedial line, black, complete, convex to subterminal spot and extending nearly straight beyond to inner margin where it enters at a basally inclined angle; medial line, black, diffuse, usually incomplete and entering inner margin obliquely; distal spot, black; antemedial line, black, usually complete. Hindwings, concolorous with forewings but paler at costal and basal areas with brown present only between postmedial and subterminal lines; fringe, as fore wings; subterminal line white, rarely com- plete; postmedial line, black, fading at costal margin; distal spot, black; medial line, black, broad and diffuse, fading at costal margin; gray hairs present in basal area. Ventral surface: Fore- wings, pale gray scattered with black scales; postmedial line, black, always present; distal spot, black; weak diffuse line some- times present inside distal spot, outwardly inclined in contrast to postmedial line. Hindwings, concolorous with forewings; postmedial line, black, complete, no fading at costal margin; distal spot, black; medial line, black, sometimes incomplete, again no fading at costal margin.
FEMALE: Same as male; except larger, often lighter and outer margins more scalloped.
ETYMOLOGY: I take pleasure in naming this species for my sister Brenda Heitzman.
FORE WING LENGTH OF TYPE SERIES: Spring brood: Aver- age for 275 males 16.40 mm, range 14-17 mm; for 30 females 19.86 mm, range 18-21 mm. Summer broods: Average for 25 males 12.75 mm, range 12-14 mm; for 3 females 16.50 mm, range 15-17 mm.
TYPES: Holotype, male, Washington State Park, Washington Co., Missouri, 5 June 1973 (J. R. Heitzman); allotype, female, Washington State Park, Washington Co., Missouri, 7 June 1973 (R. L. Heitzman); 299 male and 32 female paratypes: from the type locality: five males and two females, 6 June 1972 (J. R. Heitzman); 70 males and five females, 5 June 1973 (J. R. Heitz-
\\
46
ROGER L. HEITZMAN
/. Res. Lepid.
Fig. 5. — Male genitalia, Hypagyrtis hrendae, new species, holotype, ventral view. X 31
13(l);43-48, 1974
NEW HYPAGYRTIS
47
man); 40 males and seven females, 5 June 1973 (R. S. Funk); 13 males, 7 June 1973 (J. R. Heitzman); 123 males and two fe- males, 7 June 1973 (R. L. Heitzman); nine males and one female, 18 August 1973 (R. L. Heitzman); five males, 18 August 1973 (J. R. Heitzman); five males, 22 August 1973 (J. R. Heitzman); five males and one female, 22 August 1973 (R. S. Funk); from Dr. E. A. Rabler State Park, St. Louis Co., Missouri: seven males, 6 June 1973 (J. R. Heitzman); from Blue Springs State Park, Washington Co., Arkansas: one male and one female, 29 May 1966 (R. L. Heitzman); two females, 29 May 1966 (J. R. Heitz- man); one female, 27 May 1967 (R. L. Heitzman); one female, 27 May 1967 (J. R. Heitzman); two females, 31 May 1971 (R. L. Heitzman); one male and two females, 4 June 1971 (J. R. Heitz- man); one female, 4 June 1971 (R. L. Heitzman); two females, 6 June 1971 (J. R. Heitzman); one male and one female, 21 August
1971 (J. R. Heitzman); three males and one female, 27 May
1972 (R. L. Heitzman); seven males, 27 May 1972 (J. R. Heitz- man); from Leslie Farm, Nelson Co., Kentucky: two males, 23 June 1971 (G. Florence); from Bardstown, Nelson Co., Ken- tucky: one male, 29 April 1970 (G. Florence); from Horner Bird Sanctuary, Oldham Go., Kentucky: one male, 22 June 1966 (C. V. Govell, Jr.).
TYPE LOGALITY: Washington State Park, Washington Co., Missouri, in forested area.
LOCATION OF TYPES: The holotype and allotype will be deposited in the type collection of the United States National Museum, Washington, D.C. Paratypes will go to the following institutions and individuals : The Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Gainesville, Florida; American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York; The Entomology Museum of the University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Central Missouri State Univesity, Warrensburg, Missouri; Dr. A. E. Brower, Augusta, Maine; Dr. C. V. Coveil, Jr., University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky; Richard S. Funk, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois; Dr. W. C. McGuffin, Biosystematics Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario; Laurence R. Rupert, Sardinia, New York; and the Heitzman collections.
48
ROGER L. HEITZMAN
J. Res. Lepid.
DISCUSSION
The coloration of H. brendae is unique among the Hypagyrtis, as no other species possesses such a color scheme and pattern. The angular relation of the postmedial and medial lines of the forewing to the inner margin of H. brendae is strongly oblique (fig. 4); whereas, with all the other Hypagyrtis these lines are almost perpendicular to the inner margin ( fig. 3 ) . The forewing postmedial line formation of H. brendae is nearly straight beyond the st. spot (fig. 4), while in the other species it is deeply con- cave and jutting to the inner margin (fig. 3). Finally, the sub- terminal line of H. brendae occurs rarely among the rest of the genus.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I am grateful for the assistance of Dr. A. E. Brower, Augusta, Maine; Dr. C. V. Covell, Jr., University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky; Dr. Douglas C. Ferguson, United States National Museum, and Dr. Frederick H. Rindge, American Museum of Natural History for determinations and comments on the Hypa- gyrtis. Also, I wish to thank Richard S. Funk, Illinois State Uni- versity, Normal, Illinois, for his field assistance.
LITERATURE CITED
WOOD, 1839. Index Entomologicus, p. 241, fig. 1673.
Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera
13(l):49-56, 1974
1160 W. Orange Grove Ave., Arcadia, California 91006, U.S.A. © Copyright 1975
GENETIC CONTROL OF
MACULATION AND HINDWING COLOR IN APANTESIS PHALERATA (ARCTIIDAE)'
JACK S. BACHELER and THOMAS C. EMMEL
Departments of Entomology and Zoology, University of Florida, Gainesville 32601
The tiger moth Apantesis phalerata (Harris) is a common representative of the family Arctiidae around Gainesville, Florida. During the course of a recent investigation (Bachelor, 1972) of its biological and systematic relationship with a sibling species, A. radians Walker, rearing studies revealed information on the inheritance of certain pattern elements in the adult stage. The normal adult male of this species has yellow hindwings and lateral abdominal stripes, and a criss-cross pattern of cream bands across black fore wings. The normal female has red hindwings and abdominal stripes, and only one cream band (with a parallel, short cream bar) on black fore- wings (Fig. 1). This paper reports data on the genetic control of the forewing and body maculation and on the sex-limited expression of the gene controlling hindwing coloration in Apantesis phalerata.
METHODS
As part of life history studies on A. phalerata, field-collected females were brought into the laboratory for oviposition. Re- sulting larval broods were reared through to adulthood on an artificial diet, modified slightly (Table I) from that used by Shorey and Hale (1965).
Among the typical offspring of a phenotypically normal female (red hindwings, full maculation) collected in March 1969 were three unusually light males ( almost devoid of maculation ) and several females with yellow hindwings. The exact pheno-
Tla. Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series No. 4559.
49
50
BACHELER AND EMMEL
/. Res. Lepid.
typic ratio in these Fi adults was not noted since these moths were among the first reared in connection with other studies. However, each of the light males was mated to separate sibling females having the yellow hindwings. The larvae resulting from the one successful mating were reared through to adult- hood. After several additional unsuccessful F2 crosses, the F2 progeny were then spread, labeled, and stored for later analysis.
RESULTS
Thirty-nine males and 35 females resulted from the successful mating of one of the light Fi males to a yellow-hindwinged female sibling. Female F2 adults were of two patterns. The first pattern was that of a typical phalerata female, except the normally red secondaries and abdominal area were light yellow. All 29 females displaying this pattern were uniform in expres- sion. In the second pattern the red areas were again replaced by yellow, but there was also a loss of black maculation, re- sulting in females that were nearly all yellow. The typical black marginal and submarginal spots of the secondaries were absent and the black costal margin faded slightly proximally. One female of the six showing this loss of maculation had traces of submarginal spots. Only traces of postcostal maculation re- mained on the primaries. The patagium was entirely yellow, one female having a trace of the typical black spot. The tegulae were likewise yellow, devoid of the usual black bands. The antennae and underside of the abdomen had a few yellow scales. Both are normally black. The black dorsal abdominal stripe was considerably reduced. The two F2 female patterns are shown in Fig. la-b.
About half of the 39 males showed a pattern gradation from almost typical phalerata males to those almost completely de- void of maculation. The other half were normal. In the transition through the series, the yellow costal stripe and postmedian transverse, subterminal W-shaped, and submedian longitudinal bands widened and fused. The black spots of the patagium, tegulae, and dorsal abdominal stripe also were reduced through the series. Four males in this transition are shown in Fig. Id-g.
A discontinuity was noted among males which exhibited a gradation between absent maculation and normal marking. The lighter forms of one class retained most of the dark, posterior
13(l):49-56, 1974
COLOR IN APANTESIS
51
forewing band, some of the marginal spot enclosed by the W band and the wing margin, and a distinct dorsal abdominal stripe as in normal males. The second class of nine males, con- taining all light forms, lacked the forewing band and marginal spot, and the dorsal abdominal stripe was reduced. The abdom- inal stripe, then, easily separated all the males into two distinct classes: normal (with variable expression of wing maculation in some of those males) and light. The ventral wing surfaces also easily separated the two classes. The light class lacks the one black spot near the forewing margin, and the proximal black bar along the leading edge of the forewing is broken, not solid as in the normal class (see Fig. 2). The light Fi male success- fully mated in the laboratory belonged to the first class, with a distinct dorsal abdominal stripe and solid forewing bar.
Kimball (1965) reported an aberrant male almost devoid of maculation from Gainesville, Florida, in 1959. This specimen appears identical to several in the Fg experimental series of males. Another light male was found in July 1968 in Gainesville. It also fits well into the series, but at a slightly different point. These two wild specimens are shown in Fig. Ih-i. A third light male was found in Bradenton, Florida, in 1970. These aber- rations were the only noticeably light phalerata found among more than 2,000 males collected during this study.
When this rare aberration of phalerata is collected in the future, it is hoped that an awareness of the simple mutant character of this strain will avoid taxonomic confusion and the unnecessary naming of “forms” or “species.”
GENETIG ANALYSIS
The rearing of this aberrant series shows that this light form is probably inherited in simple Mendelian fashion, though the 74 progeny of the successful cross showed a considerable range of variation in maculation expressed by the controlling geno- types. One autosomal gene appears to control maculation. A simple dominant allele at this locus causes maculation and its recessive allele in the homozygous state accounts for the rare, light forms. In males, expression of the heterozygous gentotype is variable.
52
BACHELER AND EMMEL
/. Res. Lepid.
The genotype of the original field-collected (dark, red hind- wings) parental female was, according to this genetic hypo- thesis, heterozygous: DdRr. If it were homozygous for dark maculation, no light offspring would have resulted, and if it were homozygous recessive, its own phenotype would have been light. Likewise, if it were homozygous for red hindwings, none of the offspring would have had yellow hindwings, and if it were homozygous recessive it would have had yellow hind- wings.
The light aberrant male reported by Kimball and examined by us was probably a recessive homozygote for maculation while the light males found in Gainesville and Bradenton were hetero- zygotes.
This genetic explanation on the inheritance of hindwing coloration and maculation does have the drawback of necessi- tating the capture of an apparently very rare female in nature, and further, having this female mate with a rare male. However, our two-gene explanation was the simplest and the only one which fit the classes of moths so precisely. A test cross would have made the hypothesis more convincing, but was not possible at the time. Since we are not planning future work on this problem, these partial results are published in the hope of stimu- lating further genetic investigations on these interesting arctiids.
Hindwing color seems to be controlled by a second gene locus. The dominant allele, responsible for red hindwings, is expressed only in the female. Male hindwings are yellow, regardless of the presence of this dominant gene. The homozy- gous recessive state of this gene in the female results in yellow hindwings.
In the following hypothetical analysis, D represents the dominant gene for expression of maculation and cl its recessive allele. R designates the gene for red hindwings and r its re- cessive allele for yellow.
The male and female successfully crossed in the laboratory can each have only one genotype if one follows this hypothesis. The parental genotypes, their observed and expected offspring, and X“ values are shown below. The observed and expected numbers for both male and female moths of the laboratory cross do not differ significantly from a 3:1 ratio.
13(l):49-^56, 1974
COLOR IN APANTESIS
53
Parents : d* X
Ddrr
( Dark partly expressed)
Offspring :
Fi <?
Ddrr
(Dark; yellow hindwings)
|
Genotype |
Class |
Expected ratio |
No. Observed |
No. Expected |
|
DDrr or Ddrr |
Dark |
3 |
29 |
2 6.25 |
|
ddrr |
Light |
1 |
6 |
8.75 |
Totals
3^ 35
= 0.770
F2 -fcf
|
Genotype |
Class |
Expected ratio |
No. Observed |
No. Expected |
|
DDrr or Ddrr |
Dark |
3 |
30 |
29.25 |
|
ddrr |
Light |
1 |
9 |
9.75 |
|
Totals |
39 |
39 |
x2- 0.009
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank Dr. Dale H. Habeck, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, who provided facilities, advice, and commented on the manuscript. This research was supported in part by NSF Grants GB8442 and GB32151 (to Thomas C. Emmel) and USDA Cooperative Agreement 12-14- 100-9397 (33) (D. H. Habeck, Principal Investigator).
54
BACHELER AND EMMEL
/. Res. Lepid.
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S P a o ^ 55 ^1-b X 43
0 jb' ^ 0^ i g 3"2 "g -2^
a2 -
0^ ^ ^ '^'3 S ^
p -p.
CS ot" 2
I
w w o ^ ^ P p^
■ ■ o o
0 e^
S
0 bO bO SS
§’ g §)2
13(l):49-56, 1974
COLOR IN APANTESIS
55
Fig. 2.— Dorsal and ventral surfaces of (a) normal homozygous males; (b) heterozygous males, and (c) light homozygous males of Apantesis phaler- ata. See text for discussion of maculation differences between the classes.
56
BACHELER AND EMMEL
J. Res. Lepid.
LITERATURE CITED
BACHELER, J. S. 1972. Biology and hybridization of Apantesis phalerata (Harris) and A. radians Walker in Florida ( Lepidoptera: Arctiidae). Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida. Ph.D. Thesis. 89 p.
KIMBALL, C. P. 1965. The Lepidoptera of Florida. Division of Plant In- dustry, Florida Department of Agriculture, Gainesville. 363 p.
ROBINSON, R. 1971. Lepidoptera Genetics. Pergamon Press, Oxford. 687 p.
SHOREY, H. H. and R. L. HALE. 1965. Mass-rearing of the larvae of nine noctuid species on a single medium. J. Econ. Entomol. 58:522- 524.
Table 1. Modified Shorey and Hale ( 1965) artificial diet for rearing Apantes is phalerata .
|
Pinto beans ( soaked overnight) |
640 |
gm |
|
Brewer's yeast=i= |
100 |
gm |
|
Ascorbic acid''= |
10 |
gm |
|
Sorbic acid=''= |
3 |
gm |
|
Methyl p-hydroxybenzoate-’'-‘= |
6 |
gm |
|
Formaldehyde ( 37%) |
6 |
ml |
|
Agar-'' |
40 |
gm |
|
Water; with agar |
800 |
ml |
|
with dry ingredients |
1000 |
ml |
='=Nutr itional Biochemicals Corp., Cleveland, Oh. =:=-Fischer Scientific Co., Atlanta, Ga .
Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera
13(l):57-62, 1974
1160 W. Orange Grove Ave., Arcadia, California 91006, U.S.A.
© Copyright 1975
NATURAL AND LABORATORY OCCURRENCE OF “ELYMI” PHENOTYPES IN CYNTHIA CARDUI ( NYMPHALIDAE )
ARTHUR M. SHAPIRO
Department of Zoology,
University of California,
Davis, California
The ' elymi” series of aberrant phenotypes, characterized by suppression of the discal wing pattern, fusion of the dark subapical pattern elements, and development of a series of white submarginal spots, occurs in at least three species of the Holarctic genus Cynthia: C. annabella Field (= C. carye auct. ), C. virgin- iensis Drury, and C. cardui Linnaeus. The seasonal distribution and frequency of these phenotypes in wild populations of C. annabella in central California were recently reviewed by Shapiro (1973).
Cynthia cardui in California is a migratory species which rare- ly, if ever overwinters north of the Transverse Ranges. Transient populations occur in most of the state most years, generally shifting northward and upslope in mid-summer and sometimes showing a definite return flight southward in autumn. Although specimens representing various stages in the ‘'elymi” series have been taken in many localities in California, no systematic search for them has been linked to seasonal movements and abundance of the species. The exceptionally large 1973 flight of C. cardui proved an opportunity for such an investigation.
In 1972, an “average” year, C. cardui was present in the Sacramento Valley from the third week of March to the first week in October, with the largest numbers flying in April, May, and the first half of June. No “elymi” phenotypes were reported any- where in central California in 1972. In 1973 C. cardui first ap- peared the fourth week of February and reached “outbreak” pro- portions by mid-April. Very large populations persisted in the Valley until the third week of June, when most of the insects emigrated northward and upslope into the Sierra Nevada. During this period three generations appeared, feeding primarily on
57
58
ARTHUR M. SHAPIRO
]. Res. Lepid.
Fig. 1. • — ■ Aberrant Cynthia cardui collected in central California in 1973, upper and lower surfaces. For localities see text. A, v.25; B, vi.8; C, vi.2; D, ix.7.
13(l);57-62, 1974
‘ELYMF’ PHENOTYPES
59
Silijbum marianum (L.) Gaertn. (Compositae), Amsinckia spp. (Boraginaceae), and Malva, spp. (Malvaceae). C. cardui re- mained in the Valley at low density through the hottest part of summer and occasional larvae could be found on Centaurea solstitialis L. (Compositae). From late August through September a significant southward movement through the Valley was ob- served. In the Sierra Nevada C. cardui was abundant in July and August and a major southward migration occurred in September at the same time as that in the Valley. Larvae were taken from Cirsium spp. and Wyethia mollis Grey (both Compositae). Dur- ing the 1973 season five “elymi” phenotypes were reported in the Valley and two in the Sierra Nevada. An estimated 30,000 C. cardui were examined in the field during the season, giving a frequency of .00023, much below the .001 frequency observed for the corresponding phenotype of C. annahella (Shapiro, 1973).
Records of ''elymi” specimens follow:
Sacramento Valley: American River, Sacramento (City) Co., California, v. 25:73 ( $ ), vi. 2.73 ( $ and second seen, sex undetermined); vi. 8.73 ( 5 ). Broderick, Yolo Co., California, vi. 24.73 (seen, sex undetermined). (All A. M. Shapiro) Sierra Nevada: East of Jerseydale, Mariposa Co., California, vi. 21.73 { $ ) (O. Shields); Donner Pass, el. 7000’: Placer Co., California, ix. 7.73 ( ^ ) (A. M. Shapiro)
All of the captures except the Jerseydale specimen are shown in figure 1.
The most interesting aspect of this series is the cluster of records from the American River. All four specimens (the one missed on vi. 2 is definitely not the same individual taken vi. 8) were taken within an area one-half mile square and were in similar condition. Since C. cardui had been flying at the Ameri- can River since March 2 they were probably locally bred, rather than immigrant individuals. Moreover, no aberrant specimens were seen at other Valley localities with equally dense cardui populations, despite comparable search. It is therefore likely that these four were siblings or at least that the "elymi” phenotype had a common ( genetic or environmental ) origin in all of them.
Dimock ( 1968 ) reported the induction of "elymi” phenotypes by holding fresh pupae of C. cardui at 36° F for 14 days. During the 1973 season numbers of large larvae of C. cardui were col- lected in the Valley and Sierra and the resulting pupae subjected to this treatment. Considerable variation occurred among the 37 adults obtained, but only seven were wild-type. In the remaining
ARTHUR M. SHAPIRO
/. Res. Lepid.
Fig. 2. — Aberrant C. cardui produced by chilling pupae at 36 °F for 14 days. Upper and lower surfaces.
13(l);57-62, 1974
'ELYMI” PHENOTYPES
61
Fig. 3. — Normal C. cardui from pupae held at 90°F for 14 days. Upper and lower surfaces.
62
ARTHUR M. SHAPIRO
J. Res. Lepid.
30 the pattern was more or less modified in the direction of “elymi” ( occasionally on only the fore- or hindwings ) ( figure 2 ) . Four specimens were indistinguishable from the wild “elymi phenotypes. An additional 28 pupae died. Many of these develop- ed fully but failed to eclose; all which had developed a pattern were ‘ elymi,” and a few were as extreme as DimocFs figure. In the control group of 30 unchilled pupae, 24 adults were obtained, all wild-type.
The dates and localities of the 1973 “elyrnF (except the ix. 7 specimen ) virtually exclude sustained ( or severe but intermittent ) chilling of the pupa as a causative agent. In an effort to deter- mine if heating, a more likely factor afield, could induce “elymi” 21 pupae were subjected to 90 °F until they hatched or for 14 days, whichever happened first. Three pupae so treated produced wild-type adults (Fig. 3) within 7 days; the remainder all died without depositing adult pigment.
“Elymi” phenotypes are produced with considerable regular- ity when fresh pupae of C. cardtii are chilled, whether they come from low or high elevations. The individual batches tested are too small for any statements to be made as to the variance within local populations or among sibs with respect to this character, but it appears that the potential to produce “elymi” under tempera- ture shock is inherent in normal cardui. The most promising hypothesis is that wild specimens of “elymi” are produced by genes or gene combinations which alter the threshold for ex- pression of “elymi” so that it is produced under ordinary devel- opmental conditions. This would make the experimental animals phenocopies, a familiar situation in genetics and one which predisposes to the evolution of phenotypic switch mechanisms through the mechanism called “genetic assimilation” (cf. Wad- dington, 1957 ) . The occurrence of the phenotype in three species of Cynthia suggests that it may indeed have been a seasonal phenotype at one time in the evolution of the genus and that its expression was subsequently suppressed in a manner akin to the summer phenotype of Pieris virginiensis (Shapiro, 1971).
LITERATURE CITED
DIMOCK, T. 1968. An extreme experimental aberration of Vanessa cardui (Nymphalidae). J. Lepid. Soc. 22:146.
SHAPIRO, A. M. 1971. Occurrence of a latent polyphenism in Pieris virginiensis ( Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Ent. News 82: 13-16.
SHAPIRO, A. M. 1973. Recurrent aberration in Cynthia anahella: a review with four new records. Pan-Pac. Ent., in press.
WADDINGTON, C. H. 1957. The Strategy of the Genes. Allen and Unwin, London.
Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera
13(l):63-65, 1974
1160 W. Orange Grove Ave., Arcadia, California 91006, U.S.A. © Copyright 1975
DAS NATURHISTORISCHE MUSEUM IN WIEN
UND SEINE LEPIDOPTERENSAMMLUNG
Von Dr. FRITZ KASY
Wien, Austria
Das Wiener Naturhistorische Museum gehort zu den al- testen naturgeschichtlichen Sammlungen der Welt und zu den grossten dieser Art. Seine Anfange reichen bis in das Jahr 1748 zuriick, in dem vom damaligen Herrscher von Osterreich, Kaiser Franz Stephan, dem Gatten der bekannten Kaiserin Maria Theresia, die grosse Sammlung des Florentiner Universalgelehr- ten Johann von Baillou angekauft wurde. Durch Aufsammlungen in den Landern des damals sehr ausgedehnten osterreichischen Kaiserreiches und durch vom Herrscherhaus grossziigig finan- zierte Reisen nach Ubersee wurden die in verschiedenen Teilen der Hofburg (der Residenz der osterreichischen Kaiser) unter- gebrachten Sammlungen in den folgenden Jahrzehnten stark vergrossert und schliesslich auch in einer wissenschaftlichen Ordnung aufgestellt. Den drei Reichen der Natur entsprechend wurde eine Gliederung in drei “Kaiser-konigliche Hof-Naturalien- kabinett” vorgenommen. Diese entwickelten sich bald zu Zentren der naturwissenschaftlichen Forschung in Osterreich und wurden trotz der immer druckender werdenden Raumnot durch weitere Aufsammlungen bereichert, bespielsweise durch einen langen Sammelaufenthalt (1817-1835) in Brasilien. Das Revolu- tionsjahr 1848 brachte einen schweren Verlust: im Verlauf der Kampfe wurden grosse Teile der Zoologischen Sammlung durch einen Brand vernichtet, darunter auch die Lepidopteren- sammlung von Schiffermiller und Denis. Im Jahre 1889 konnte endlich der Raumnot durch die Eroffnung des neuen Natur- historischen Museums auf der Ringstrasse gegeniiber der Hof- burg ein Ende bereitet werden, allerdings auch nur fur einige Jahrzehnte, denn heute ist auch dieses grosse prachtige Gebaude bereits wieder zu klein geworden.
63
64
FRITZ KASY
). Res. Lepid.
Die Lepidopterensammlung des Wiener Museums ist auch heute noch die grosste auf dem europaischen Festland. Sie umfasst ca. 2 Millionen Exemplare und zahlreiche, insbesondere auch alte, Typen.
Das Studium der Lepidopterologie hat in Osterreich seit dem Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts eine rege Pflege erfahren. Im Jahre 1776 erschien das “Systematische Verzeichnis der Schmetterlinge der Wiener Gegend”, herausgegeben von den Lehrern Ignaz Schiffermiller und Michael Denis. In diesem Buche wird zum erstenmal auf Grund der Kenntnis der Jugendstadien die von Linne geschaffene Anordnung der Lepidopteren abgeandert und so ein mehr naturliches System geschaffen. Das umfangreichste Werk liber europaische Schmetterlinge in deutscher Sprache (17 Bande, 1807-1835)5 namlich das von Ferdinand Ochsen- heimer und Friedrich Treitschke, entstand vom 3. Band an eben- falls in Wien, da beide Autoren am Wiener Burgtheater be- schMtigt waren, ersterer als Schauspieler. Als Nachfolger Treitschkes, besonders auf dem Gebiet der Mikrolepidopteren, ist Josef Fischer von Roslerstamm (1787-1866) hervorzuheben, dessen Sammlung spater an Dr. Herrich-Sehdffer nach Begens- burg verkauft wurde, der dadurch erst die Moglichkeit erhielt, sein Werk iiber europaische Schmetterlinge zum Abschluss zu bringen.
Der erste Lepidopterologe, der in den kaiserlichen NatuTalien- sammlungen (wie eingangs ervvahnt, den Vorlaufern des Natur- historischen Museums ) tatig war, namlich als Kustos und spater auch als Direktor des '‘Zoologischen Hofkabinettes’', war Vincenz Kollar (1797-1860). Er veroffentlichte unter anderen auch Ar- beiten, die fremdlandische Faunengebiete betrafen, beispielsweise solche iiber Brasilien und Venezuela. Von besonderer Bedeutung fiir die Lepidopterensystematik waren die Arbeiten von Julius Lederer (1821-1870), dessen an Typen reiche Sammlung an Dr. Staudinger in Dresden (Deutschland) verkauft wurde. In Lepidopterenkreisen weit iiber die Grenzen Osterreichs hinaus bekannt wurde auch der Name des Biirgermeisters von Wien Cajetan Freiherr von Felder (1814-1894). Neben Veroffent- lichungen iiber verschiedene Tagfaltergruppen ist besonders die Bearbeitung der Lepidopteren aus den Ausbeuten von der osterreichischen Weltumseglung mit der Fregatte Novara (1857- 1859) hervorzuheben. Seine Sammlungen kamen an Sir Walther Rothschild in dessen Privatmuseum nach Tring (England).
13(1):63~65, 1974
MUSEUM IN WIEN
65
Der erste Kustos der Lepidopterensammlung am neu erbauten Naturhistorischen Museum war Alois Rogenhofer (1831-1897), neben dem durch 45 Jahre am Museum Josef Mann (1804-1889) als Praparator und insbesondere unermiidlicher Sammler wirkte; er beschrieb auch zahlreiche neue Arten, vor allem Mikrolepidop- teren. Der Nachfolger Rogenhofers am Wiener Museum, Prof. Dr. Hans Rebel (1861-1940), war der bedeutendste Lepidop- terologe Osterreichs iiberhaupt. Von ihn stammen neben zahl- reichen Neubeschreibungen aus den verschiedensten Familien der Gross- und Kleinschmetterlinge und anderen Arbeiten liber Lepidopteren, der bekannte Staudinger-Rebel-KsLtalog der pala- arktischen Lepidopteren und das im deutschen Sprachraum bei Liebhaberentomologen auch heute noch am weitesten verbreitete Schmetterlingswerk, namlich die Neubearbeitung von Berges Schmetterlingsbuch, das zahlreiche Amateure zu einer wissen- schaftlichen Betatigung mit Schmetterlingen anregte. Von solchen Sammlern stammt auch der grosste Teil des nach 1920 ans Wiener Museum gekommenen Schmetterlingsmaterials. Ein weiterer bekannter Lepidopterologe des Naturhistorischen Mu- seums in Wien war Dr. Hans Zerny (1887-1945). Er untemahm zahlreiche Sammelreisen, unter anderen auch eine nach Slid- amerika. Sein Spezialgebiet waren die Syntomiden. Nach seinem Tod war die Schmetterlingssammlung des Wiener Museums be- dauerlicherweise durch 15 Jahre nicht mit einem Lepidopterolo- gen besetzt. 1960, also im Jahre des 11. Internationalen Kon- gresses fur Entomologie, der damals in Wien stattfand, wurde sie dem Verfasser dieser Zeilen anvertraut. Leider muss fest- gestellt werden, dass heute die Ausstattung des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien mit Personal und finanziellen Mitteln in keinem angemerrenen Verhaltnis zu der GrOsse and der wissen- schaftlichen Bedeutung seiner Sammlungen steht, was nur zum Teil durch die geringe Grosse des heutigen osterreichischen Staates zu entschuldigen ist.
Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera
13(1 ):66, 1974
1160 W. Orange Grove Ave., Arcadia, California 91006, U.S.A. © Copyright 1975
NOTICE
The PRECEDiiXG PAPER by Dr, Fritz Kasy is the first of what the editor hopes will be a series devoted to institutions which have in the past and present spent much effort in furthering the knowledge of the Lepidoptera, not only in the amassing of collections but also in the constructive work in the field of experimental research. It is by means of the latter mentioned experimental work that the systematic work of the museums and private collectors can best be understood and appreciated.
It is hoped that present workers in such institutions will feel free to send historical papers to implement this series.
William Hovanitz
66
Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera
13(1):67~68, 1974
1160 W. Orange Grove Ave., Arcadia, California 91006, U.S.A. © Copyright 1975
HABITAT; ADELA BELLA IN FLORIDA ( INCUR VARIIDAE: ADELINAE)'
JOHN B. HEPPNER
Department of Entomology and Nematology,
University of Florida Gainesville, Florida 32611
Little is known of the biologies of adelid moths and the life history of Adela bella Chambers, in particular, is unknown. While beginning studies of the moth in March 1973 at Torreya State Park in the panhandle of Florida, males were found to congregate on the leaves of Carpinus caroliniana (Betulaceae) trees deep in the deciduous forest on the slopes overlooking the Apalachicola River (females were not found). Male congre- gations by adelid moths, however, do not necessarily indicate the oviposition host.
The illustration of the forest at Torreya State Park shows Carpinus mixed in with other deciduous trees and generally shows the shaded habitat in which A. bella may be encountered. The Carpinus leaves from which males were taken is in the upper foreground left and closest to the viewer near the top of the picture. The moth is diurnal like other adelids and is widely distributed in the eastern United States and Canada, occurring mainly in the Appalachian Mountains in the South. There have been other records of A. bella in Florida but the species is well established in this Apalachicola uplift at Torreya State Park which is ecologically similar to the southern Appalachians of northern Georgia and Alabama.
Males fly in a bouncing but slow fashion on sunny days ( mid- March to mid-April in Florida), their long antennae held up- wards. Moths are encountered flying or resting on Carpinus and other leaves and also near flowers.
^Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series No, 5308.
67
68
JOHN B. HEPPNER
J. Res. Lepid.
Fig. 1. — Deciduous forest habitat of Adela hella at Torreya State Park, Liberty Co., Florida. (19 Mar 1973)
THE JOURNAL ©F RESEA R.CH ©NJ THE LEF1JD©PTERA\
CONTENTS
Volume 12 Number 1
March, 1973
A new species of Papilio
from the eastern United
States ( Papilionidae ) J. Richard Heitzman 1
Specific entities of the subgenus Icaricia Nabokov (Lycaenidae)
J. W. Tilden 11
The correct name for the
subspecies of Limenitis weidemeyerii occurring in Arizona ( Nymphalidae)
Cyril F. Dos Passos 21
A review of carrying pair
behavior and mating times in butterflies
Oakley Shields and John F. Emmel 25
Volume 12 Number 2 June, 1973
The ecological associations of the butterflies
of Staten Island Arthur M. Shapiro and
Adrienne R. Shapiro 65
Volume 12 Number 3 September, 1973(1974)
On the origin of austral elements in
the moth fauna of south-eastern Ontario, including a number of species new for Canada R. Harmsen, P. D. N. Hebert and P. S. Ward 127
The study of populations of Lepidoptera by Capture-Recapture methods
P. M. Sheppard and J. A. Bishop 135
Life history studies of Idaea obfusaria (Walker)
Roger L. Heitzman 145
Survey of ultraviolet reflectance
of Nearctic butterflies James A. Scott 151
Butterflies of St. Croix Charles F. Leek 161
An improved method for rearing the
Monarch butterfly Charles Munger 163
An annotated checklist of the Missouri
Geometridae Roger L. Heitzman 169
Cover Illustration:
Variation in Colias nastes of Lapland
William Hovanitz 180
Volume 12 Number 4 December, 1973 (1974)
Adult behavior and population biology of two skippers mating in contrasting topographic sites James A. Scott 181
Acceptance of artificial diet by
Slc^atJjijmiis streckcri (Skinner)
M. A. Pefterson and R. S. \\4elgus 197
Some observations on the eggs of moths and certain aspects of first instar lar.Val behax ior
Noel McFarland 199
New food plant for Darapsa j)J}olus (Cramer)
]. C. E. Riotte 209
The nomenclature in an important British
check list (1972). Part I. Joraj Paclt 211
A name for Glaucopsi/chc h/a.(Iamus auct., not
Edwards 1862. ' J. Tilden 213
Junonia and Precis. A correction.
J. Tilden 216
The flight periods of se\’eral sibling species
of moths. Charles L. Selman 217
Lifespan of Butterflies James A. Scott 225
Altitudinal migration of butterflies in the central
Sierra Nevada Arthur M. Shapiro 231
Early stages and biology of Phyciocles orseis.
James A. Scott 236
Book Review: Annotated check list of the butterflies of Illinois by R. R. Irwin and J. C. Downey
R. S. Funk
243
NOTICES
Books on Lepidoptera: more than 300 books for sale. Free catalogue sent on request. Sciences Nat. , 45 Rue de Alouettes, 7 5019,
Paris, France
Wanted to make exchanges with collectors in California and Florida. Have Maylaysian butterflies for exchange (Trogonoptera brookiana, etc, ) Masaki NAKAYAMA, Kitakyushu- Wakamatsu- Miyamaru -2-10-14,
Fukuoka pref, , Japan ,
Need aid in preparation of specimens for study of population structure in butterflies; involves obtaining population samples, mounting, laboratory breeding, etc. Full or part time. Contact William Hovanitz, 1160 W. Orange Grove Ave. Arcadia, Calif. 91006.
i
I
Volume 13 Number 1 March, 1974
IN THIS ISSUE
Studies on Nearctic Euchloe — Part 7
Paul A. Opler 1
3 Stacks of the eggs of Hemistola hatching
Noel McFarland 21
Checklist of the Macroheterocera of south-eastern Ontario
P. S. Ward, R. Harmsen, and P. D. N. Hebert 23
A new species of Hypagyrtis
Roger L. Heitzman 43
Genetic control of maculation and
hindwing color in Apantesis phalerata
Jack S. Racheler and Thomas C. Emmel 49
Natural and laboratory occurrence of “Elymi”
phenotypes in Cynthia cardui ( Nymphalidae )
Arthur M. Shapiro 57
Das naturhistorische Museum in Wien und seine Lepidopterensammlung
|
Dr. Fritz Easy |
63 |
|
|
Notice |
William Hovanitz |
66 |
|
Habitat: Adela bella in Florida |
John R. Heppner |
67 |
THE JOURNAL
OF RESEARCH
ONJ THE LEFIOOPTERA
HAilsws
Volume 13
Number 2
published by
The Lepidoptera Research Foundation, Inc. at
1160 W. Orange Grove Ave., Arcadia, Calif. U.S.A. 91006 EDITOR: William Hovanitz
Associate Editors:
Thomas C. Emmel, Dept, of Zoology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32601
Maria Etcheverry, Centro de Estudios Entomologicos, Casilla 147, Santiago, Chile.
T. N. Freeman, Div. of Entomology, Dept, of Agriculture, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Brian O. C. Gardner, 18 Chesterton Hall Crescent, Cambridge, England.
Rudolf H. T. Mattoni, 9620 Heather Road, Beverly Hills, Calif. 90210.
Lee D. Miller, The Allyn Museum of Entomology, 3701 Bay Shore Road, Sarasota, Florida, 33580.
Bjorn Petersen, Ostanvag 52, Malmo, Sweden.
Manuscripts may be sent to the Editor or Associate Editors.
The JOURNAL is sent to all members of the FOUNDATION.
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Subscriptions to the Journal are $15.00 per year. Special subscriptions are avail- able to students at $10.00 per year.
STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT THE JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON THE LEPIDOPTERA is published four times a year, Spring (March), Summer (June), Autumn (September), and Winter (December) by THE LEPIDOPTERA RESEARCH FOUNDATION, INC. The office of the publi- cation and the general business office are located at 1160 W. Orange Grove Ave., Arcadia, California, U.S.A. 91006. The publisher is THE LEPIDOPTERA RESEARCH FOUNDATION, INC. The general editor is William Hovanitz at the above address. The secretary-treasurer is Barbara Jean Hovanitz at the same address. The owner is THE LEPIDOPTERA RESEARCH FOUNDATION, INC. THE LEPIDOPTERA RESEARCH FOUNDATION, INC. is a non-profit organization incorporated under the laws of the State of California in 1965. There are no bond holders, mortgages or other security holders.
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Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 13:73-82, 115-122, 137-148, 1974
1160 W. Orange Grove Awe., Arcadia, California, U.S.A. © Copyright 1975
THE BUTTERFLY FAUNA OF THE SACRAMENTO VALLEY, CALIFORNIA
ARTHUR M. SHAPIRO
Department of Zoology, University of California Davis, Calif. 95616
INTRODUCTION
The State of California has an extremely rich and varied butterfly fauna, reflecting its topographic, climatic, and botani- cal diversity (Comstock, 1927; Munz, 1970; Bakker, 1971). The montane faunas, which are perhaps best known, are character- ized by a high proportion of endemic species and subspecies. In recent years regional faunas have been published for Sierra Nevada localities: Yosemite National Park (Garth and Tilden, 1963), Mather (Shields, 1966), and Donner Pass (Emmel and Emmel, 1962 ) . A study by Opler and Langston ( 1968 ) included both Outer and Inner Coast Ranges in Contra Costa County, as well as part of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. The least well-known butterfly fauna in northern and central California is that of the rather densely populated Sacramento Valley (fig. 1). This is scarcely surprising when the current biotic condi- tion of the Valley is considered. The following discussion is drawn primarily from Thompson (1961) and Sculley (1973), who discussed the climatic, physiographic, and ecological con- ditions of the pristine and present Valley.
VEGETATION
The vegetation of the Sacramento Valley has been more thoroughly modified by man than that of scarcely any compar- ably large area in North America. Prior to European- American colonization, three natural communities were widespread in the Valley: bunchgrass-Valley Oak savanna; tule-cattail marsh; and riparian forest (fig. 2). Perennial bunchgrass, with scattered groves of Valley Oak {Quercus lobata Nee.), occurred on the higher sites not subject to regular flooding, and was the com-
73
74
ARTHUR M. SHAPIRO
}. Res. Lepid.
Fig. 1.— Location map of the central Sacramento Valley.
SACRAMENTO VALLEY
75
jSr
13:73-82, 115-122, 137-148, 1974
/HOnry CHAPARKAL.
REO lands ok
©L.D ALt.ev‘UM -
OAK ^ GRASS
alluvial PlAINS- FfiRNEKLV SAVANNA
r/par»an
FaRE-ST f ‘ j^ATURAL UVCfiS
3^S/M
FLeoo iASiNS- FORAlERLy -RJlF MAKshe^
Fig. 2.— Physiographic subdivisions of the central Sacramento Valley ^ with present biotic communities.
76
ARTHUR M. SHAPIRO
/. Res. Lepid.
monest vegetation type in the Valley, especially on the west side. The lowlands, which were inundated in normal winters (and in wet years well into summer), supported vast areas of cattails (Typha) and common tule (Scirpus acutus MuhL). Torrential rains on the Sierran west slope fed the periodic over- flows of the Sacramento River and its tributaries. The major streams built up “natural levees” of silt deposited during flood stages, and these supported a lush deciduous forest dominated by Fremont Cottonwood {Populus fremontii Wats.). Decidu- ousness in a Mediterranean climate like that of California is a luxury which can be afforded only when a reliable year-round supply of ground water is available. The riparian forests of the Sacramento Valley were unique at low elevation in the state.
Of the first two communities little or nothing remains. Most of the bunchgrass prairie was put into pasture or under the plow; either way, the native bunchgrasses were competed out of exist- ence by introduced annual grasses, mostly from Europe. With the bunchgrasses most of the native flora, both annual and per- ennial, also succumbed, to be replaced by weedy Crucifers, Borages, Mallows, Composites, and other aliens. The marshes were diked or drained and reclaimed for agriculture, or else grossly modified as overflow channels for flood control (the Yolo, Colusa, and Sutter Bypasses). Their original character has in most places been lost. Relict marshlands still exist in West Sacramento and south of Sacramento, at Beach Lake and Stone Lake. Substantial fragments of riparian forest remain in public and private hands — more or less modified by the deletion of native species and the addition of weedy ones, and by re- striction in most places to the immediate riverbank where they once had reached 1-4 miles inland.
Little of the Sacramento Valley is free of major ecological disturbance for any significant length of time, and except for the creek bottoms the successional potential of the area— with its radically altered flora — is not really predictable. Most of the former bunchgrass-oak savanna is either intensively farmed or urbanized. The lowland basins are farmed, or farmed in summer and flooded in winter. The riparian forests are under increasing recreational-use pressure, especially from off-road vehicles.
To a casual visitor, the Valley presents a monotonous vege- tation due to the ubiquity of early-successional, adventive spe- cies. These broadly adapted plants tend to obscure soil and water-table differences which do, however, become apparent in
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more mature stands. The lack of native plants and major topo- graphic features, and the constant presence of man tend to discourage butterflies (and Lepidopterists as well). The sandy American River lowland in Sacramento County is mostly not in agricultural use and has the richest butterfly fauna in the Valley, as well as the most mesic vegetation. Thirty-six species—58% of the total Valley fauna — were recorded flying there on June 2, 1973, and the total number of species ever recorded there is 53, or 85% of the Valley fauna. Nonetheless, most of the species are highly vagile and occur in foothill canyons on both sides of the Valley; there is little to necessitate postulating a relict ( pre- American ) origin for any of the present butterfly popu- lations in the Valley (except perhaps Phyciodes campestris) .
CLIMATE AND BUTTERFLY PHENOLOGY
Sixty-two species of butterflies have been recorded in the Valley. This is a fairly small fauna by California standards; 134 species are recorded in Yosemite, 84 in Contra Costa County, 74 at Mather (Tuolumne County), about 80 at Donner Pass (Placer County), 70 at Boreal Ridge and 63 at Marin-Sierra Camp, both Nevada County (Shapiro, unpubl. ), and about 65 in the east-slope canyons of the Vaca Hills immediately west of the valley (data in part from Shields, pers. comm.). When species which fly into or through the Valley but are not known to breed there are excluded, the fauna drops to 53.
This fauna contrasts strikingly with others in California in the distribution of voltinism. In climates where rainfall is rela- tively evenly distributed through the year, the proportion of univoltine species increases steadily with elevation and with the shortening of the growing season. In California the summer drought is reflected in the widespread evolution of vernal uni- voltinism in butterflies at low elevations. The low proportion of univoltines in the Sacramento Valley — only 13% of the resident species ( as compared with 39% of the species in the nearby Vaca Hills, Table I) — reflects the reliable supply of summer water associated with the riparian systems and agricultural irrigation. It also reflects the origins of the fauna, which is largely recruited from the riparian lands where the summer drought has always been less severe than elsewhere.
Relatively few California butterflies are facultatively univol- tine; species with only a single brood anywhere generally have only one everywhere, despite considerable altitudinal ranges.
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Species which are flexible in brood sequence are primarily low- land colonizers which periodically invade higher elevations but cannot be considered permanent residents there: Vanessa spp., Precis coenia, Strymon melinus, Lycaena helloides, Plebeius acmon^ Pieris rapae, P. protodice, Colias eury theme, Pyrgus communis, Hylephila phylaeus. These species are adapted to temporarily unstable habitats, and whatever their geographic origins their seasonal cycles have probably always included up- and downslope colonization. They are the most conspicuous element of the Valley fauna, where they disperse from one disturbed habitat to another in response to agricultural prac- tices. In good years Valley populations probably serve as a source for colonizers which reach the high Sierra.
The climatography of the Sacramento Valley is unusually well documented for the Far West. Reliable records at Sacra- mento extend back to 1849-50, and recent compilation of means and extremes has been prepared (Figgins, 1971). The Valley has a Mediterranean climate in which rainfall occurs from Sep- tember to April and is usually concentrated in December, Janu- ary, and February (see Tables 2 and 3). The Coast Ranges insulate much of the Valley from direct maritime influence and the resulting continentality is shown in the high summer maxima and occasionally low winter minima. The gap in the Coast Ranges at the Carquinez Straits allows a shallow penetration of maritime air in summer which terminates periods of extreme heat after two to four days. Skies are clear in summer, but widespread and persistent low cloudiness and fog prevail in winter and are especially heavy in and near the river bottoms. The highest summer temperatures and the clearest, driest winter weather are provided by “northers,” strong northerly winds which develop in response to a north-south pressure gradient and are warmed and dried by their descent from the Siskiyous.
WINTER AND DIAPAUSE STRATEGIES
Sacramento Valley winters are mild and essentially snowless except in the extreme north. Freezes occur up to 30 times each winter, but temperatures below 25° F and continuous freezes of longer than ten hours are exceedingly rare. Under these con- ditions non-diapausing butterfly immatures may continue their development through the winter. Larvae of Pieris rapae from eggs laid in late November develop slowly to pupation in late January at Davis and Woodland. The resulting pupae enter
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SACRAMENTO VALLEY
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diapause and eclose in late March or April. Diapausing pupae formed in December or earlier eclose in February and March. A similar winter history is reported for P. rapae in England (Gardiner, 1972).
Diapause is generally considered an adaptation to cold winters, and indeed is associated with biochemical defenses against intracellular and extracellular freezing. But in both cold- and mild-winter areas it serves as a timing mechanism correlating spring emergence with the onset of weather suitable for adult activities and— most importantly— likely to be sus- tained. The limiting factor on butterfly breeding in winter in the Sacramento Valley is the unsuitability of overcast, humid weather for flight activity, regardless of temperature. Persistent fog and low overcast initiate winter in the Valley while tem- peratures are still relatively high. Winter emergences of Pierid butterflies during fair, mild periods are less common than in the northeastern United States. Spring emergences coincide with decreasing cloudiness and humidity in February and March, and a temperature regime comparable to that in the emergence seasons of the same species in cold-winter areas. Availability of suitable flight weather, rather than nectar sources, seems to be the predominant factor here; major blooms of nectar-rich plants, some native, begin in January in dry years and may continue all winter in wet ones.
The flight season begins several days to two weeks later in the Valley than in the canyons of the Vacas (up to 500 feet). These canyons are sheltered from the spring “northers” which render many otherwise suitable days in the Valley unfit for flight. They also have less fog and dew (which cools the air near the ground and may prevent flight activity most or all of the day if the ambient humidity stays high). The topography of the Valley floor itself also has a bearing on flight times. The American River bottomlands become damp and foggy earlier in fall than the higher ground, and flight activity there ends earlier as a result. During the winter temperatures are moder- ated by the rapidity with which the air is saturated, and wind velocities (and the desiccating effects of “northers”) are braked by the forest cover. Most species emerge four to twelve days earlier in spring at the American River than elsewhere. The local climate there allows Pieris protodice to overwinter re- liably, something it does only very sporadically in the Valley.
One ecological consequence of the dominance of adventive weeds is the absence of all but a handful of butterfly species
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from very extensive tracts of agricultural land. Only one of these is itself adventive from Europe, Pieris rapae. Under Valley conditions rapae and its primary hosts, Brassica spp., are not well-coordinated seasonally. Weedy mustards behave as winter annuals, seldom sustaining much frost damage, and are past their prime when the spring brood of P. rapae is peaking. The phenology of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. ), the major host of the Orange Sulphur, Colias eury theme, is similar to that of the native perennial legumes on which this butterfly originally fed. C. eury theme overwinters as a third- or fourth-instar dormant ( diapausing? ) larva.
Hibernating Nymphalid adults generally do not fly on the 10-20 potentially suitable days in winter; they appear in Febru- ary just before the non-hibernating butterflies. The energetics of Nymphalid hibernation in the mild Sacramento Valley winter is of considerable interest, especially in the Mourning Cloak {Nymphalis antiopa) which disappears in early August and remains dormant for six months. Its failure to rear a second brood even along the major rivers is rather perplexing. Vanessa (= Cynthia) annabella departs from the usual pattern of its relatives by overwintering largely as pupae formed in Decem- ber and early January. Adults alive in December also hibernate successfully, and fresh adults may eclose during warm spells in winter and enter hibernation. This species has been recorded flying 50 weeks of the year at Davis and is the closest thing to a year-round breeder in the Valley. In 1973, when it was abun- dant, V. cardui also bred well into December and continued to eclose.
RAINFALL AND INTERSEASONAL VARIANCE
One of the most striking aspects of Valley climatology is the very high interseasonal variance in rainfall. Temperature char- acteristics are less variable. Some idea of the variance in pre- cipitation may be obtained from figure 3 and Table 3. The uncertainty of rainfall would be expected to produce adaptations for facultative diapause in species whose host plants are rainfall- dependent. The Papilionid Battus philenor produces some dia- pause pupae in all broods, regardless of photoperiod; these eclose the following spring (rarely fall), with no apparent chilling re- quirement. B. philenor is primarily a foothill species, breeding in canyons where the host plant grows along intermittent
IMCHCS OF INCHES OF lUlN
Fig. S.—Total seasonal rainfall at Sacramento, 1849/50 through 1968/69. From Figgins, 1971.
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streams. A similarly mixed developmental strategy occurs in Euchloe ausonides and Anthocharis sara in the foothills and may be an adaptation to interseasonal variance in rainfall itself^ rather than stream flow. On the Sacramento Valley floor, B. philenor and A. sara are both locally single-brooded, but E. ausonides is double-brooded. There is preliminary evidence to suggest that the Davis population of B. philenor is genetically univoltine, perhaps reflecting founder effect — sampling error introducing only a portion of the variability of a polymorphic source population.
Dates of spring flights in both univoltine and multivoltine butterflies are well known to be related to weather conditions, both during the emergence season and during the preceding winter. In the Valley, first-flight dates are less variable than in either the Sierra Nevada or upstate New York, both cold- winter areas (cf. Shapiro, 1974a). Even so, dates for the first species, e.g. Pieris rapae, may vary several weeks among seasons. Pre- cipitation advances the condition of the vegetation, but over- wintering larvae and pupae respond to temperature and perhaps photoperiod. Table 4 presents first-flight dates for 25 common spring butterflies in the Valley after the very dry but mild 1971-72 and very wet and cold 1972-73 winters. Weather data for the two seasons appears in Table 5 and may be compared with the norms in Tables 2 and 3. Although the 1973 flight season began early, continuing episodes of wet and windy weather delayed most species relative to 1972. Emergences in the Vaca canyons were earlier than in the Valley and showed much less departure from 1972 dates, although population levels of many species were quite different in the two years.
Later-emerging species are increasingly insensitive to weather as a determinant of first-flight date. Satyrium sylvinus, for ex- ample, first appeared v.lO in the Valley in 1973 as against v.l5 in 1972 (v.8.72 in the Vacas), but its period of peak numbers was the same both years.
Cutoff dates for flight in autumn are also under meteoro- logical control for the highly multivoltine species. An especially sensitive species is Papilio zelicaon. In 1972 it was last recorded on ix.20; in 1973 a full month later, on x.30. That this discrep- ancy reflects a seasonal difference is well illustrated by data on this species at Suisun Bay, near Fairfield, where the climate is more maritime and P. zelicaon normally flies later; in 1972 it was last seen on xi.5 and in 1973 on xi.l8.
(Continued on page 115)
Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera
13:83-98, 1974
1160 W. Orange Grove Ave., Arcadia, California 91006, U.S.A. © Copyright 1975
EXTENDED FLIGHT PERIODS OF COASTAL AND DUNE BUTTERFLIES IN CALIFORNIA’
ROBERT L. LANGSTON
31 Windsor Ave., Kensington, Calif. 94708
Several of the Rhopalocera that occur close to the Pacific Ocean in California have very long flight periods, giving the appearance of more than a single generation per year. Further inland these same species ( often a differently named subspecies ) , have shorter flight periods, leaving no doubt of their being univoltine.
To illustrate, I have chosen ten examples scattered among the families Pieridae, Nymphalidae, Riodinidae, Lycaenidae and Hesperiidae. In each case, one or two examples of the coastal populations are treated. These are then compared directly with populations further inland. “Inland” in some cases, may be only 20 miles or so away from the coast — if examples are available from the middle and inner Coast Ranges. In other cases, the comparisons are made with the West Slope, High, or East Slope of the Sierra Nevada.
Figures 1 and 2 name the coastal populations in capital letters, and those inland in lower case. The flight periods based on known records are shown within the bars—black for coastal populations and stippled for inland. The diagonal lines at one or both ends of most bars show the probable extensions of the flight periods based on: 1) Abundance at the beginning or end of the known collections; and 2) Fresh and/or worn specimens at the known beginning or end.
Although more $ $ are usually present at the beginning, and more $ $ toward the end of the various flight periods, in general both sexes were present throughout most of the coastal flights. Since no Speyeria, Cercyonis or Erebia are involved in this study, any staggered appearance of the sexes is considered negligible.
Tresented at the Twentieth Annual Meeting of the Lepidopterists’ Society, Pacific Slope Section, Santa Barbara, Calif., 25 Aug. 1973.
83
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Fig. 1.— Flight periods of coastal populations (solid) and inland (stippled). Diagonal lines indicate possible extensions of seasons.
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The most exact measurements of flight periods are the cases where there are sufficient records for a single season at the same locality. This data was used whenever possible. However, from my own records, and the data from several publications, it ap- pears that most lepidopterists only visit the same location once or twice in a single season. Hence, the other records are based on the extremes of several seasons from data already published, or on the labels of the specimens. Experienced collectors tend to time their visits to obtain fresh ‘mint” specimens. For a study of this type, it would be advantageous for the collectors to also go after worn examples, or at least record them in field notes. Partly because of lack or worn examples, I have extended the probable seasons of some populations to later dates.
Pieris napi venosa Scudder
At Partington Canyon south of Big Sur in coastal Monterey County, fresh specimens of both sexes were taken on 21 Feb. 1965. Other examples were taken various seasons in March, April and May. My latest date is 15 May 1966-— some worn, but several also fresh. Therefore, the season for the “true” heavily-veined venosa would probably extend another three weeks-— into June (diagonal lines in Fig. 1).
Further inland in the Coast Ranges (Alum Rock Park, Santa Clara County; Stonybrook Canyon & Redwood Canyon, Alameda County; and even as far inland as Thompson Canyon, Yolo County) my personal records extend from mid-Feb. to mid- April. This is a combination of many seasons, and the flight period is considerably shorter than on the coast. Inland examples become smaller and have less dark scaling on the veins. Many grade into the taxon microstriata Comstock, relegated to a synonym of venosa in dos Passos (1964).
Even further inland (West Slopes of the Sierra Nevada), I have recorded it at the lower elevations from mid-March to mid- April. This is based on fewer records, so I will give it the benefit of the doubt and extend the season considerably at both ends.
Status of gen. aest. castoria Reakirt: Although stated in the literature (Comstock, 1927; Tilden, 1965) that this is the second brood of venosa, there is still some doubt. Many places where I have found venosa commonly, I never found any castoria. In fact, in my experience, castoria is a rather rare entity.
On the other hand, castoria has been found flying with the heavily-veined venosa. Dennis Sorg (in his 1971 Season Sum- mary contribution) found the two together as early as 20 March 1971 near Jasper Ridge, San Mateo County. I have not seen these
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ROBERT L. LANGSTON
/. Res. Lepid.
Fig, 2. — Flight periods of coastal populations (solid) and inland (stippled). Diagonal lines indicate possible extensions of seasons.
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specimens. On 15 May 1966, I found castoria flying with fresh venosa at Partington Canyon. Would these actually be the sec- ond brood from those flying in February and March? If not a separate species, why are there still fresh venosa phenotypes present at the same time?
The season on Fig. 1 for castoria is probably too long, as it represents all of my records from south to north on the coast. The mid-May record compares directly as it is also Partington Canyon, and there are other records on into late June in the Big Sur area (Bruce Walsh, correspondence). The extension of the bar into August is based on a single $ from Van Damme Park on the Mendocino County coast. Therefore, the season is probably somewhat shorter at any single location.
Boloria epithore epithore (Edwards)
The upper black bar represents the one season of 1970 on the Mendocino County coast. The earliest date is mine of 28 March 1970 at Russian Gulch State Park. On 30 May 1970 it was also taken near Russian Gulch by John Emm el and several on the same date near Caspar Beach by Paul Opler. With some fresh and others worn, this single season probably extended well into June. All of this data is cited in Perkins & Meyer (1973). Some examples from north-coastal California are assignable to B. epithore chermocki Perkins & Perkins (see Fig. 3).
The lower black bar represents epithore in the Santa Cruz Mountains. Most dates are in May and June, but some in differ- ent years include late April to the first of July (Perkins & Meyer, 1973). Since this represents many seasons from the 1890’s to the present, I cannot extend it much on either end for a single season.
The stippled bars denote Boloria epithore sierra Perkins & Meyer. The upper one represents four seasons I collected along the North Fork of the Stanislaus River, Calaveras and Tuolumne Counties. Worn examples were found in late June, 1973 at slightly above 5000 ft. I did not take it that low in the other seasons as it no doubt had already flown. The other seasons it was considerably higher — almost 7000 ft. at Wet Meadow (ridge to the south) or at Big Meadows along Highway 4 (to the north). Therefore, it is in abundance for only about two weeks at any one spot, and the season is only a little over a month— even taking into consideration an almost 2000 foot range in elevation. The lower bar denotes an even higher elevation (Tioga Pass, Tuolumne Co.) where it extends from mid-July to early August (Perkins & Meyer, 1973).
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Fig. 3.— Examples from coastal populations. Most localities in California, unless otherwise noted.
Row 1. — Pieris napi venosa: Partington Canyon, 9 mi. S. of Big Sur, Monterey Co., $ , $ 21 Feb. 1965, RLL. Boloria epithore chermocki: Rus- sian Gulch, Hwy. 1, Mendocino Co., ^ 28 Mar. 1970, RLL. B, e. epithore: Santa Cruz Mts., Santa Cruz Co., ^ 15 June 1946, T. W. Davies — CAS. All following specimens leg. R. L. Langston.
Row 2. — Apodemia mormo mormo: Dunes W. of Seaside, Monterey Co., ^ 4 Sept. 1969; $ 19 Aug. 1963. Callophrys viridis: San Bruno Mts., San Mateo Co., $ 30 Mar. 1968; Point Reyes dunes, Marin Co., $ 25 Apr, 1970; Fort Baker, S. of Sausalito, Marin Co., 9 7 Mar. 1970.
Row 3. — Callophrys viridis: Marina Beach dunes, Monterey Co., ^ 11 May 1969; $ 16 Apr. 1973. Plebefus icarioides moroensis: Dunes nr. Oso Flaco Lake, 5 mi. S. of Oceano, San Luis Obispo Co., ^ 6 June 1966; ^ 18 Apr. 1973; 9 6 June 1966.
Row 4. — P. i. missionensis: San Bruno Mts., San Mateo Co., 9 2 Apr. 1972; Twin Peaks, San Francisco, ^ TOPOTYPE, 10 Apr, 1954; 9 TOPO- TYPE, 15 May 1954; Plebejus pheres: Point Reyes dunes, Marin Co., $ 25 Apr. 1970, 9 10 May 1973.
Row 5. — Philotes enoptes smithi: Dunes W. of Seaside, Monterey Co., $ 24 Aug. 1962; 9 26 Aug. 1971; 9 4 Sept. 1969. Polites sonora siris:
3 mi. W. of Plantation, Sonoma Co., $ 5 May 1955; 9 23 July 1955.
Row 6. — P. s. siris: Lake Sylvia, Grays Harbor Co., Wash., $ , 9
4 July 1958. Panoquina panoquinoides errans: Mouth of Ventura River, Ventura Co., ^ , 9 30 Aug. 1971; 1 mi. S. of Solana Beach, San Diego Co., ^ 1 Sept. 1971.
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ROBERT L. LANGSTON
/. Res. Lepid.
Fig. 4.— Examples from inland and high elevation populations. Localities in California, unless otherwise noted. All specimens leg. R. L. Langston.
Row l.—Pieris napi venosa: 3 mi. NE. of Tuolumne City, Tuol. Co., $ 23 Mar. 1966; Rock Creek, 6 mi. NE. of Placerville, El Dorado Co., 9 12 April 1973. Boloria epithore sierra: Wet Meadow, 6900', above N. fork Stanislaus River, Tuolumne Co., $ 9 July 1969; Big Meadows, 6550', Hwy. 4, Calaveras Co., 9 30 June 1973.
Row 2.—-Apodemia mormo mormo: Del Puerto Canyon, Stanislaus Co., $ 21 Aug. 1962; 9 6 Sept. 1962. Callophrys lemherti: Upper Lyons Creek, 7800', El Dorado Co., $ 11 June 1972; 9 6 June 1970; SE. shore, Loon Lake, 6352', El Dorado Co., 9 9 June 1973.
Row 3. — Callophrys dumetorum: Dunes 1 mi. E. of Antioch, Contra Costa Co., 9 11 April 1954. Plebejus icarioides ardea (Edwards): Angel Lake, 8000', Elko Co., Nevada, $ 26 June 1972; 5 mi. SW. of Henefer, Summit Co., Utah, 9 27 June 1972. P. i. lycea (Edwards): Pole Mtn. area, 8640' Albany Co., Wyoming, 9 6 July 1972.
Row 4. — Plebejus pardalis: Hill SW. of Paradise Cay, Marin Co., 9 23 May 1964; Berkeley Hills, Alameda Co., $ 17 April 1954; 9 22 May 1954; Calistoga, Napa Co., $ 24 April 1956; Hill 3 mi. NE. of Vallejo, Solano Co., 9 11 June 1967.
Row 5. — Philotes enoptes tildeni: Del Puerto Canyon, Stanislaus Co., ^ PARATYPE, 11 Aug. 1962; $ TOPOTYPE, 9 Sept. 1967; 9 TOPO» TYPE, 11 Sept. 1963; Polonio Pass, 3 mi. E. of Cholame, San Luis Obispo Co., ^ , 9 27 Aug. 1973.
Row 6. — Polites sonora sonora: E. shore, Bucks Lake, 5153', Plumas Co., $ 23 June 1949; King Canyon W. of Carson City, Nevada, 9 22 June 1970; SW. of Genoa, 5700', Douglas Co., Nevada, $ 20 July 1964; Mineral King, 7831', Tulare Co., 9 3 Sept. 1949; Tioga Pass, 9941', Mono Co., 9 8 Sept. 1955.
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Apodemia mormo mormo (Felder & Felder)
Based on numerous records ( Opler & Powell, 1961 ) , A mormo in central and northern California is almost certainly univoltine, with adults in greatest abundance in late summer. This is op- posed to A. mormo virgtdti (Behr) which is multivoltine, with records from February to November. On this and other bases, it is felt by myself and others (correspondence, Mike Toliver), that virgulti may be a separate species.
On the sand dunes west of Seaside, Monterey Co., this “uni- voltine” mormo has been recorded from 4 July to 14 October in various seasons ( Opler & Powell, 1961 ) . Both sexes ( with some worn) were taken on 4 July 1959, so the probable season started in late June. In several other seasons fresh and worn specimens were taken in August and September.
Further inland, at Del Puerto Canyon, western Stanislaus County, mormo were found only from mid-August to mid- September. This canyon in the Inner Coast Range was also visited several times in early August and no metal-marks were found.
Callophrys viridis (Edwards)
The upper ridges of the San Bruno Mountains, San Mateo County, are four miles inland from the coast. Although not on the immediate coast like the dunes, they certainly get their share of wind and cold, chilling fogs. Adults of viridis were recorded from the San Brunos from 26 Feb. 1963 to 4 June 1963 (Gore- lick, 1971). This is definite for a single season, with numerous records for March and April in this and other years. The lower black bar represents slightly later dates for the populations on the dunes at Point Reyes, Marin County — 30 March to 18 June (Gorelick, 1971). Since this is based on fewer records, the season probably extends from a little earlier to somewhat later.
After the data was compiled for the Gorelick study, viridis was discovered much further south— at the Marina Beach dunes, Monterey County by J. F. Emmel and the author on 11 May 1969. Large numbers were subsequently collected here in April and May, 1970-1973. All of these dates are well within the seasonal extremes of the northern populations.
Callophrys dumetorum (Boisduval) is found further inland in the dunes east of Antioch, Contra Costa County. The dates span from 18 March to 20 April (Gorelick, 1971; Opler & Lang-
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ston, 1968). Throughout its extensive range most records are in March and April. The published records go from mid-February to early June, but not more than about a month at any single locality.
Callophrys lemberti Tilden is found much further inland and at higher elevations. Fewer records are available for this species. Its peak flight appears to be in early June at the 6 to 8000 foot levels in El Dorado County, and late June at 9 to 11,000 feet (Tioga Pass and Hoover Wilderness area. Mono County).
Plehejus icarioides moroensis (Sternitzky)
The dunes near Oso Flaco Lake, San Luis Obispo County have been visited by various collectors, but usually in different seasons. The earliest in the season appear to be 1 and 9 March 1972 by Bill Swisher, with moroensis recorded in April and May in other years. My latest record is 6 June 1966 when long series of mostly fresh ones were taken by myself and others. Therefore, the season probably extends at least another two weeks. It was not found on these dunes in August and September. The types were taken at Morro Beach, S.L.O. Co. on 27 June 1929. This is about 40 mi. NNW. of the populations indicated by the long black bar. J. A. Powell has also taken it sparingly in July on dunes to the north of Oso Flaco Lake. (These two are shown by the short black bar.)
The icarioides in the higher Sierra Nevada and the White Mountains, Mono County are dated from mid-June to mid-July. According to Downey (1962), . . members of a local popula-
tion can be found in an area for about a 2-month period.” Mid- June- July records are also prevalent for some of the other named subspecies in Nevada, Utah and Wyoming (specimens in Fig. 4).
Plebejtis icarioides missionensis Hovanitz
The types were taken 1 April 1934 on Twin Peaks, San Fran- cisco. Not far to the south, in the San Bruno Mountains, San Mateo County, I have taken it on 4 April 1971 and 27 June 1971 —these extremes for a single season. There are numerous April, May and June dates in other years.
For comparison, Plehejus pardalis pardalis (Behr) was chosen from one colony in the Berkeley Hills— less than 20 miles to the northeast, but not on the immediate coast. The dates are 17 April 1954 to 22 May 1954— again a single season at the same place. This correlates with extensive records for pardalis in Contra
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Costa County (Opler & Langston, 1968) from six distinct locali- ties— all in April and May, none in March or June.
Plebejus pheres (Boisduval)
Originally described from San Francisco, it is now presumably extinct within the City — possibly its demise was similar to that of Glaucopsyche xerces (Boisduval). A morphologically close pop- ulation to pheres is still found on the dunes at Point Reyes, Marin County. It has a flight period extending from mid-April to early July [2 July 1945, 1 $ ] based on examples at the Cali- fornia Academy of Sciences.
Further inland, Plebejus pardalis is again compared from the northeast — Napa and Solano Counties. The flight period appears to be late April to early June, with almost all of the records in May.
Philotes enoptes smithi Mattoni
On the dunes west of Seaside, Monterey County, this sub- species has been recorded from 20 June to 4 Sept, in various seasons. Most of the records are in August, but long series have been taken on several dates in July.
Further inland, Philotes enoptes tildeni Langston is found in the Inner Coast Range adjacent to the San Joaquin Valley, usu- ally in August and September. The stippled bar represents one season at Del Puerto Canyon, western Stanislaus County. Only two fresh S $ were taken 11 Aug. 1962, and the last collections were made 6 Sept. 1962. This is based on most of the type series cited in Langston ( 1963 ) . In various other years the known dates go from 31 July to 11 Sept.
On 23 May 1967, six $ S were taken in Del Puerto Canyon by Glenn Gorelick, and on 17 May 1973 another four ^ by Jim Mori, indicating a spring flight (at least in some seasons). As with almost everything biological, there seem to be excep- tions or “freak” occurrences.
Both smithi and tildeni could extend into late September or October, but I have no records of their actually being collected. This is predicted by correlation with Apodemia mormo, which is abundant at both localities and has the same Eriogonum hosts.
Polites sonora siris (Edwards)
West of Plantation in coastal Sonoma County, I collected good series of siris on 5 May 1955 and 23 July 1955™in the same season. It was present other years in June, early and mid-July. However, it was not found on visits to the exact same spot in
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August and September. July specimens from western Washing- ton are illustrated for comparison (Fig. 3). These show little variation from those in coastal northern California.
Polites sonora sonora (Scudder) is found in the Sierra Nevada at moderate to high elevations. More records are needed, but based on the few I have available, it flies from mid-June to late July from 5000 to 7000 feet, and in August to early September from 7000 to 10,000 feet.
Panoquina panoquinoides errans (Skinner)
This is the only other skipper in the whole Superfamily Hesperioidea that to my knowledge is restricted to the immediate coast of Cahfornia. It violates the theme of those previously mentioned, as it probably has two or more generations per year. Comstock (1927) indicates it flying in mid- August and Sep- tember. Most collections ( especially those with large numbers ) , have indeed been in late summer. However, myself and others took it near Solana Beach, San Diego County as early as 19 June 1963, and it was still present on 1 July 1963 — again in the same season.
Since there are no other species or subspecies of the genus Panoquina occurring in California, no inland comparison is made for errans.
DISCUSSION
Climate:
Outer Coast Range and beach dunes of California — mild winters and cool summers.
Very seldom does the weather go below freezing, or does frost occur on the immediate coast. On sunny days in January and February the south-facing slopes and the protected sides of the dunes can get quite hot. Since it does not get extremely cold at night, the development of Lepidoptera (and other in- sects ) can commence quite early in many seasons.
Conversely, in the summer the coastal slopes and dunes are successively plagued by long periods of cold winds and fogs. In some places for several days in a row ( or even weeks ) the sun may not shine. During these periods, new individuals do not emerge from their pupae, and those already in the adult stage often remain quiescent. They do not carry on their activities of taking nectar, mating or ovipositing. When the weather becomes clear and sunny before the next siege of fog, the adults resume their activities.
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Inner Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada of California — cold win- ters and hot summers.
The insect season is shorter inland, particularly at the higher elevations. Below freezing and winter frosts are common in the Inner Coast Ranges. Heavy snows and several months of below freezing are characteristic of the Sierra Nevada.
In the spring, the days may warm up suddenly, even though the nights may still be below freezing. When the days have warmed, it generally stays warm and gets progressively hotter as summer approaches. This will instigate rather quick and near total emergence of adults in a short period of time. With nothing to delay them, the adults take nectar, mate and oviposit. With all activities completed, the flight period is soon finished.
Host plants:
Directly correlated with the climate is the condition of the larval food-plants. It is not the purpose of this paper to specific- ally record the hosts of the various Lepidoptera concerned. Therefore, I will treat only some of the examples, and for brevity refer to the hosts by genus only.
Pieris napi venosa in the Coast Ranges seems to prefer Den- taria (milk-maids), although Bruce Walsh (personal correspon- dence) of Carmel Valley has also found it ovipositing on Arahis (mustard). This could well be an alternate host for it and gen. aest. castoria. On the immediate coast the Dentaria stays in green succulent growth for a long time. Further inland it grows faster, blooms and dries out rather quickly. Possibly the populations of venosa inland do not work over to several other cruciferous plants that would appear 'suitable,” This could explain the absence of castoria and a shorter adult flight of venosa in the more inland areas. On the West Slopes of the Sierra Nevada, one of the hosts appears to be Radicula (water-cress) found in slow-moving parts of creeks and the seepage from springs.
Apodemia, coastal Callophrys and Philotes are well docu- mented in the literature (Opler & Powell, 1961; Gorelick, 1971; Langston, 1969, respectively) as feeding on various species of Eriogonum (wild buckwheat). In the coastal areas the Eriogo- num has considerable leaf growth early in the season. The flowers develop over an extended period from spring through summer.
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By mid-summer the plants in a local area may be in various stages of bud, blossom or seed. Further inland, each separate species of Eriogonum tends to bloom “all-at-once,” with the flowers soon becoming unattractive, even as a nectar source.
The Plebejus species cited are all recorded as having various species of Lupinus (lupine) as their larval hosts. According to Downey (1962) the peak adult flight period seems to occur at about the same time as seed formation in the host lupines. The eggs are deposited singly on leaves, stems, flowers and seed pods. On the coastal dunes the lupines (especially the large yellow- flowered perennial) remain green and succulent all year. The blooming period is very staggered, with buds, flowers and young seed pods at the same time on the same and/or adjacent plants. Further inland and at higher elevations, most lupines are in bloom for a relatively short time in the “spring,” set pods, and soon become incompatible as hosts.
SUMMARY and CONCLUSIONS
Several species of univoltine Rhopalocera found along the coast of California have very long adult flight periods. This is due to mild winters and cool summers, combined with the re- sultant staggered development of the various larval food-plants.
Just a short distance inland in the Coast Ranges and further inland in the Sierra Nevada, these same species ( or closest known taxa) have much shorter adult flights. This is due to cold win- ters, warming in spring and hot summers. These short flight periods are also correlated with increased elevation and a rather quick and uniform development of the larval food-plants, and their soon becoming unsuitable.
Examples of ten coastal entities among the families Pieridae, Nymphalidae, Riodinidae, Lycaenidae and Hesperiidae are com- pared with their inland counterparts.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Some of the examples in this study were taken from my field notes while on collecting trips with the California Insect Survey. I wish to thank Dr. J. A. Powell, University of California, Berke- ley and others involved with the Survey for the opportunity to make these collections. Specimens were examined at the Cali- fornia Academy of Sciences, San Francisco for additional records. I am indebted to Dr. P. H. Amaud for his cooperation and ac-
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cess to the CAS collections. I am grateful to the many who have contributed to the Zone 1 Season Summary since I became co- ordinator. Data was gleaned from their contributions, and par- ticularly the related correspondence of those mentioned in the text.
LITERATURE CITED
COMSTOCK, J. A. 1927. Butterflies of California. Publ. by author, Los An- geles. 334 pp.
DOS PASSOS, C. F. 1964. A synonymic list of the Nearctic Rhopalocera. Lepid. Soc. Mem., No. 1, New Haven, v + 145 pp.
DOWNEY, J. C. 1962. Variation in Plebejus icarioides ( Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae). II. Parasites of the immature stages. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer- ica 55 (4): 367-373.
GORELICK, G. A. 1971. A biosystematic study of two species of Callophrys (Callophrys) in California (Lycaenidae). J. Lepid. Soc. 25 ( SuppL 2): 1-41.
LANGSTON, R. L. 1963. Philotes of central coastal California (Lycaeni- dae). 7. Lepid. Soc. 17 (4): 201-223.
1969. Philotes of North America: Synonymic list and distribution
(Lycaenidae). J. Lepid. Soc. 23 (1): 49-62.
OPLER, P. A., and R. L. LANGSTON. 1968. A distributional analysis of the butterflies of Contra Costa County, California. J. Lepid. Soc. 22 (2): 89-107.
and J. A. POWELL. 1961. Taxonomic and distributional studies on
the western components of the Apodemia mormo complex (Riodini- dae). 7. Lepid. Soc. 15 (3): 145-171.
PERKINS, E. M., and W. C. MEYER. 1973. Revision of the Boloria epithore complex, with description of two new subspecies ( Nymphalidae). Bull. Allyn Museum, No. 11: 1-23.
.TILDEN, j. W. 1965. Butterflies of the San Francisco Bay Region. Calif. Natural History Guides: 12. Univ, Calif. Press, Berkeley. 88 pp.
APPENDIX
Many of the dates and locations cited in the text are based on specimens in the two accompanying photographs. These data are given in the legends to the figures.
Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera
13:99-100, 1974
1160 W. Orange Grove Ave., Arcadia, California 91006, U.S.A. © Copyright 1975
HABITAT: BREPHIDIUM PSEUDOFEA (LYCAENIDAE)*
JOHN B. HEPPNER
Depaiiment of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida Gainesville, Florida 32611
Brephidium pseudofea (Morrison) typically is found in as- sociation with Salicornia bigelovii ( Chenopodiaceae ) , the only definitely known host plant, along the coasts of Florida and somewhat further north. The illustration is of an area along the west coast of central Florida: Cedar Key, Levy County (19 Dec 1973).
Salicornia virginica is the predominant plant in the fore- ground, with some Salicornia bigelovii mixed in, left. Perhaps S. virginica is an alternate host; Rawson ( 1961, J. N, Y. Entomol. Soc. 69:88-91) has also suggested Batis maritima. B. maritima is a prostrate plant with succulent leaves growing near the Sali- cornia. The saltmarsh grasses to the left and in the background are mostly Spartina alterniflora (Gramineae). Bushes in the picture include Avicennia germinans ( Verbenaceae) (large bush, right ) and the smaller Lycium carolinianum ( Solanaceae ) ( cen- ter, right ) , the latter in bloom and attracting other lepidopterous species {Danaus, Agraulis, Urbanus, Panoquina) but no Bre- phidium were observed on the Lycium flowers. B. pseudofea flies in colonies as many other lycaenids tend to do and has been reported to be generally uncommon in Florida, encoun- tered in numbers only occasionally. Flight records are year round in the southernmost areas except for the months of August and November (Kimball, 1965, Lep. Fla., p. 49).
^Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series No. 5309.
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Fig. 1. — Coastal strand with Salicornia spp. in foreground on west end of Cedar Key, Levy Co., Florida. (19 Dec 1973)
Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera
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1160 W. Orange Grove Ave., Arcadia, California 91006, U.S.A. © Copyright 1975
THE EARLY STAGES OF VARIOUS SPECIES OF THE GENUS DIRPHIA ( SATURNHDAE )
BRIAN O. C. GARDINER
18, Chesterton Hall Crescent, Cambridge, England.
INTRODUCTION
This paper is one of a series describing the rearing in Eng- land of various Neotropical Saturniidae and deals with five species of Dirphia, as defined by Michener (1952). Eggs were sent to me by airmail; D. avia Stoll from Trinidad by Dr, A. D. Blest; D. baroma Schaus, D. curitiba Draudt, D. lombardi Bou- vier, and D. ursina Walker, from St. Catarina, Brazil, by Sr. Fritz Plaumann. The first three of these were successfully reared through to adults, but the larvae of the last two died after several instars. The various stages were kept at 20-25° C., with occasional fluctuations of ± 5°C. and under natural day- light conditions, but with additional light during the evenings while the stocks were being attended to. The duration of the various stages is summarized in Table 1.
DIRPHIA AVIA
From 375 eggs received 23.VL61, a total of 205 healthy and 8 deformed pupae were obtained. In addition about 25 larvae were preserved.
The egg5— Laid in rather irregular batches. Shiny white with a small black micropyle. Virtually spherical 2.5 mm diameter. There is no prior indication before the larva hatches.
The larvae— In the 1st instar black with a dark brown head. Chalazae black, forked like a Y on the first 3 segments, simple, but a distinct bend two thirds of the way up, on the remainder. In the 2nd instar they become greyish dorsally, reddish-brown ventrally. In the 3rd instar the ground color a dirty white with black markings, these now persisting to the final stage, the ventral surface becoming less reddish and more like the dorsal as growth progresses.
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The fullgrown larvae 8-10 cms long (the females being the larger). Ground color, including the head, a light grey with a tinge of green or violet, the color depending rather on how the larva is being viewed and the incident light. On each segment black markings, variable in both number and extent, the most prominent being a dorsal mark like a broad arrow ( ) facing
backwards and situated on each segment between the chalazae. The spiracles white, outlined in black. The chalazae grey; the spires grey with black tips; both have a violet sheen to them. The armature firm and fairly formidable. The thoracic chalazae and spines particularly long, overhanging and protecting the head. The prolegs with black crochets. The head grey with a broad inverted V above the brown mouthparts.
Larval habits — The larvae are gregarious throughout their life and wander about in long processionary columns. They feed by night and rest by day in a dense communal cluster. This was usually formed at the base of the foodplant which in this case consisted of a polythene water bottle containing the branches on which the larvae were being fed. So determined were the larvae to walk down the stalks that unless the neck of the bottle was extremely tightly plugged with Kleenex tissue, several of the larvae would drown themselves. When they are disturbed the larvae cling tight; they neither drop nor assume any unusual attitude, except that the head is slightly retracted and the thoracic spines lowered around it.
Sting — From the second to fourth instar the sting from the spines is about equivalent to that from a nettle ( Urtica diocia ) , or a fullgrown Automeris io Fabricius, That of the fullgrown larva however is far more severe, as painful as that of wasps (Vespa vulgaris Linnaeus; V. germanica Fabricius), but shows only the usual type of Histamine reaction (Jones & Miller, 1954) bleb which soon wears off although the area is a little tender for a few days.
Pupation— This species was the first of the Neotropical Hemi- leucinae to be bred by the author and their unusual habits and individual idiosyncrasies were still strange to him. The finding of the correct foodplants and the optimum conditions for pupa- tion were as yet unknown. The D. avia were therefore given a standard choice by being given a layer of peat overlain with moss in their rearing cage. This gives all the conditions required by species that pupate (a) in rolled leaves; (b) in litter; (c) underground. This species proved to be one of the few per cent
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that is not satisfied with any of these three usual alternatives and demand specialized treatment.
When they are ready for pupation the larvae turn a purplish- red color which gradually darkens as they restlessly hunt for a suitable site over two or three nights. However, once the cocoon has been spun, the pre-pupa assumes the original larval color except for the spines, these remaining purple.
In their cages they wandered endlessly around, but during the day took their place in the communal resting cluster. Only about a dozen actually spun cocoons in the cages and over half of these failed to form normal pupae. Seeing that they were so obviously unhappy in the cages the larvae were removed and placed either singly in lb. tins or in pairs in 2 lb. tins. These tins contained a wad of sphagnum moss on top of a few inches of moist peat. They were fitted with tight metal lids and were used on the theory that the larvae were seeking somewhere totally dark. Be that as it may, all the larvae put into the tins pupated successfully. They formed a large flimsy papery cocoon between the peat and the moss, often attached to the side of the tin.
It is certain that in nature these larvae choose some special- ized site; it is not unlikely that this is inside some species of Epiphyte.
Foodplants — The larvae were reasonably polyphytophagous on various temperate deciduous trees and one evergreen tree. The following were accepted: Hawthorn (Crataegus oxyacan- thae); Beech (Fagus sylvatica); Plums, Cherries (Prunus spp.) Oaks (Quercus spp. — including ilex); Apple (Malus sp.). Black poplar (Populus nigra) and Privet (Ligustrum ovalifolium) were refused. Very freshly shooted Willow (Salix sp. ) was eaten for the first two days by the newly hatched FI. larvae, but they so readily switched over to Evergreen oak ilex) that Willow was not considered really suitable. For the sake of convenience the larvae were mainly reared on Hawthorn and Beech, the FI on Evergreen oak.
Adults — The majority of the pupae were disposed of and only a few kept for adult emergence. Two pairs were obtained, both of females that were three days old and had already laid a considerable number of eggs. Both these pairs were obtained when the temperature had been raised from 22° C to 30 °C over some four hours and then dropped over one hour to 25 °C. Several other moths placed together failed to pair. It is not
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clear if the temperature fluctuation was of any significance or not. The two pairs occurred some five hours after sunset, the moths remained in copula for at least 90 minutes, had separated by morning.
From these two females a few small egg-batches were laid, in both cases laying only took place over about the 3 hours after dusk. About 75 per cent of the eggs hatched.
The adults lived for about 7 days. Females commeneed to ‘call’ the same day as they emerged. Females started to lay infertile eggs in irregular masses if not paired after two or three nights, although even after this they would spend a short time calling each night. Males soon battered their wings to pieees after whieh they flapped rather helplessly on the cage floor. DIRPHIA BAROMA
Eggs of this speeies were in a paeket that arrived 29.VIII.63 after being a month in transit from Brazil. There had been some shaking up and these eggs were mixed with those of D. Curitiba. They had just hatehed on arrival. All five were reared.
Eggs — The remains of the eggshells were indistinguishable from those of D. curitiba (see below).
The larvae — In the 1st instar body dark reddish-brown. Head shiny blaek. Chalazae off-white, blaekish towards tips. No reeords were kept of intermediate instars, but by the third the larva had assumed the general pattern of the final. The final instar larva 8 cms long. The head and anal segments blaek. Ground color, ventral and dorsal, black, with a brick-red in- complete band on each segment laterally and dorsally. Legs black with red spots. Chalazae and spines pale blue. The chalazae short, the spines arising starlike fairly long. Rather uniform and regular on each segment. This arrangement in fact resembles that of Automeris inemusae Walker or A. nycti- mene Latreille.
Larval habits — Since there were only five specimens the larvae were kept throughout in a plastic box. Apart from the fact that they kept bunehed together and fed by night, the sample was too small to give any clear indication of habits.
Sfing— This was not experienced.
Pupation — When ready to pupate the eolors faded. The larvae were removed to tins with moss and peat. They pupated underground in the peat, forming a cocoon similar to that of a Sphingiid.
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Foodplants — The newly hatched larvae were offered Beech, Hawthorn and Laburnum {Laburnum anagyroides) on which they commenced to feed, but after a week they transferred to Beech. The final instar finished their development on Ever- green oak. The following were refused: Privet; Plum; Elm (Ulmus campestris).
Adults — After nearly three months all the pupae produced adults within a week. Unfortunately all five were females.
DIRPHIA CURITIBA
Eggs of this species were received in 1962 and again in 1963. Those of the first year were reared with virtually no larval mortality, but from the second year there was a high larval mortality from what appeared to be granulosis virus disease. This disease caused the gradual and total loss of the El. larvae. The information below is based on the first lot received 29.IX.62, which were a month in transit.
Eggs — Shaped like a slightly flattened ovoid, color white with a large black micropyle. Laid in regular groups of several dozen eggs, fastened strongly to the substratum with a clear cement. It was noticed that infertile eggs were encircled by a wide grey band on the upper half. No prior indication to larval hatch. Eggshells partly consumed by the newly hatched larvae.
The larvae — In the first instar brownish, including spines, head black. Second instar similar. In subsequent instars green- ish-grey with black markings. The fullgrown larva 7.5 to 10.0 cms long (the females doubtless being the larger). Dorsallly the ground color greenish-grey, or brownish, ventrally whitish- grey. The whole body covered with an intricate series of black markings which vary very considerably between larvae, in some coalescing to form large blotches which run continuously from one segment to the next. The spiracles are white, lightly out- lined in black. The whole larva densely covered with spined chalazae. These particularly large and dense on the thoracic segments, and the anal, being here at least 1.5 cms long, pro- jecting over the head and to the rear, as in avia.
Larval habits — Similar to avia.
Sting — Similar to that of avia.
Pupation — Also similar to avia and it was necessary to re- move the larvae individually to tins. They also turn purple when ready for pupation. The cocoon appeared to be a little flimsier than that of avia.
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Foodplants — Having been informed by Sr. Plaumann that they fed on Juglandaceae, especially Walnut {Juglandia regia) this was offered, together with Plum and Laburnum. They com- menced to feed on the Walnut two days after hatching but by the fourth instar the supply failed. Oak and Peach {Prunus persica) were oflFered and accepted. Holly {Ilex sp.); Privet and Laurel (P. lusitanica) were refused. Their development was completed on Evergreen oak.
In the FI generation the newly hatched larvae refused to start feeding on Walnut. This had been forced and it might well be the the very fresh soft leaf is unsuitable in some way. The parents had of course been given late fall leaves. These FI larvae, with about 20 per cent loss, eventually started feed- ing on Oak, but after two weeks all the larvae accepted Beech and completed their development on this. The F3 generation was fed entirely on Evergreen oak.
The newly arrived larvae in 1963 were given a choice of Walnut and Beech. All preferred the Beech. The FI gener- ation of these was offered and fed on Hawthorn (other leaf being unavailable). As already stated however all these died of what appeared to be virus disease.
Adults — These behaved in much the same way as avia. Probably because rather more were available pairing proved relatively easy, without the temperature fluctuation which oc- cured before the avia pairing. Pairing took place some 2-3 hours after dusk and lasted 1-2 hours although two to three pairs were still coupled the following morning. Not all the pairings produced fertile eggs. Females either laying fully fertile, totally infertile, or mixed batches. The females that laid totally infertile batches behaved as if they were laying fertile eggs. That is, they laid in regular batches. Virgins, after several nights Tail- ing’ would lay in a jumbled pile. It seems as if the correct laying reaction is initiated by the act of coupling, not fertiliza- tion. In the conditions of captivity 100-150 eggs per female were laid. This is by no means their full potential, on estimate, less than half. Only 1 pairing was obtained of the F2 generation. Two pairings were obtained from the F3 but no viable eggs were laid. By now of course the stock was brothers and sisters already one generation inbred, so this is perhaps not surprising.
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DIRPHIA LOMBARDI
Eggs of this species were received 29.IX.62 and were just hatching on arrival after a month in transit. Sr. Plaumann gave Lauraceae? as possible food. All the larvae died by the end of the fourth instar.
Eggs — As received these were laid in a jumbled pile. The color white with a black micropyle. In shape, a slightly flat- tened ovoid, 1.75 mm x 1.5 mm x 2.0 mm high.
The larvae — In the first instar the dorsal surface rather black- ish, a dirty white ventrally and laterally. Head black. After feeding and growing a little the larvae become overall whitish with black spines. In the 3rd instar a green lateral stripe has appeared, ground color now greyish-brown. The ultimate death of the larvae appeared to be due to granulosis virus disease.
Larval habits— Tiocessionstiy and gregarious in the first three instars.
Sting — Not experienced.
Pupation— None were pupated.
Foodplants— The newly hatched larvae were offered a choice of Black locust ( Rohinia pseudo-acacia ) , Plum and Beech. They commenced to feed on Plum on which they were kept through- out their life. Evergreen oak, and Laburnum which were offered in the 3rd instar were refused.
DIRPHIA URSINA
Eggs of this species were received 29.IX.62 and again on 22.X.64. None of the larvae survived beyond the end of the fourth instar. The first batch apparently died of granulosis virus disease. The second batch almost certainly died due to the failure to find a suitable food for them; due to their rather late fall arrival the plum known to be suitable had already nearly fallen and the unsuccessful attempts to find a suitable alterantive led to starvation and resultant debility in the first instar. None survived beyond the second.
Eggs— As received these were laid in a jumbled pile. The color off-white with a black micropyle. Almost spherical and about 2.0 mm in diameter.
The larvae— The newly hatched larvae are purplish in color, including the spines and chalazae, with a black head. There was a steady mortality of the 50 or so larvae that commenced to feed. The three that reached the fourth instar had hardly changed in appearance from the first.
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Larval habits — Processionary and gregarious in the first few instars.
Sting — Not experienced.
Pupation — None were pupated.
F oodplants — The newly hatched larvae were offered a choice of Black locust or Plum. The latter was accepted. Accompany- ing the second batch was a note from Sr. Plaumann that they fed on Wistaria (Glyzine). In late October in England the only Wistaria leaves available were in an advanced state of senes- cence; once pieked they dried up overnight, even when kept in a high humidity. There were, not unexpeetedly, refused by the larvae whieh again accepted Plum. Decent green leaves of this too, were hard to find. Laburnum, Everlasting pea {Lathyriis latifoliiis) and Laurel were offered but refused.
DISCUSSION
I have been informed ( Blest, in lit. ) and by others who have had tropical experience, that many Tropical Lepidoptera, including specifically Dirphia and Aiitomeris species are ex- tremely difficult to rear where they occur. Either they refuse to accept any available foodplant offered, or they prove to have been attacked by parasites, or die of virus diseases. Larvae col- lected wild in the forest have been known to refuse to accept the leaves of an apparently identieal tree to that on which they were found. Also it is not very easy to collect foodplant from the canopy of a tropical forest.
When translated to a temperate zone, natural parasites, but not inheritable virus diseases are eliminated. So too of course, are the natural f oodplants. Since in the majority of cases these are unknown, it becomes a question of trying one tree after another until one that is acceptable to the larvae is offered. Once they have commenced to feed, other leaf may be offered later, either because it is more readily available, or simply to find out what range of plants are acceptable. In the case of these Dirphia the larvae of three species proved to be reasonably polyphytophagous on temperate zone deciduous trees. The other two, ursina and lomhardi only accepted one. Plum, but the larvae only having been available late in the year, other leaf, acceptable to the first three, was not available. It is perhaps significant, however, that Evergreen oak was refused. Without this the first three species could not have been reared. It would appear that ursina and lombardi have a different food range to avia, baroma and curitiba.
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The larvae of ursina and lombardi having died in the early stages, it is difficult to make a comparison between them and the other three. Nevertheless their general appearance and the arrangement of the chaiazae and spines were similar to those of avia and curitiba in similar instars. The odd